[content-overview]Substance misuse and addiction impacts the lives of thousands of Hoosiers. In 2020, about 23.8% of individuals in Indiana aged 12 or older reported <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/binge-drinking-problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener">binge drinking</a>—defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention as consuming 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women in a 2-hour period.1,2 This rate is higher than the national average. Additionally, 12.5% of Hoosiers aged 12 or older used illicit substances that year.3 And nearly 8% of residents in Indiana met the criteria for a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/substance-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">substance use disorder</a> in 2020; 7.5% of them did not receive treatment for it.3 [/content-overview]

Furthermore, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/polysubstance-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">polysubstance use</a>—the use of 2 or more substances—remains a problem in the state of Indiana. Overdose deaths involving opioids claimed the lives of 1,875 Hoosiers in 2020.1 For those who sought treatment for substance use in Indiana in 2020, 73% indicated the use of multiple substances.3 Among individuals who used opioids in 2021, 50.8% also reported methamphetamine use, 33.8% also reported using marijuana, and 18.3% reported concurrent alcohol use.1 

Substance use continues to be a major public health concern, negatively impacting the health, legal situations, and social outcomes for so many residents in Indiana.
<h2>Where is Addiction Treatment Located in Indiana?</h2>
There are many treatment options available in Indiana. Of the 416 <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">treatment centers</a> in the state, the majority are located near Indianapolis, but services are available statewide. Options include:4,5
<ul>
 	<li>Outpatient services. There are 379 facilities in Indiana that offer some form of outpatient care. <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Outpatient treatment programs</a> provide treatment between 9 to 20 hours per week and allow the individual to live at home or in a sober living facility.</li>
 	<li>Residential services. There are 58 facilities that offer <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/residential" target="_blank" rel="noopener">residential services for addiction</a>. Residential treatment facilities provide a sober place to live in a non-hospital setting. These facilities also provide treatment.</li>
 	<li>Inpatient services. There are 29 <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inpatient treatment facilities</a>, which provide 24-hour medical care in a hospital setting.</li>
 	<li>Opioid treatment programs. There are 21 opioid treatment programs in the state, offering individuals medication-assisted recovery in combination with behavioral counseling.</li>
 	<li>Recovery houses. There are 158 substance-free <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/sober-living" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recovery houses</a>, which provide individuals with safe housing and a structured environment and paid staff onsite. Some of these also offer treatment services; others offer support services facilitated by peers.</li>
 	<li>Oxford Houses. There are 86 <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/sober-living/oxford-house" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oxford Houses</a> throughout the state. Oxford Houses are safe, substance-free, peer-run, recovery homes. There are no paid staff onsite.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Do Rehab Centers in Indiana Treat Drug and Alcohol Addiction?</h2>
[callout]

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab</a> centers in Indiana offer <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">detoxification</a>—which helps the body rid itself of substances safely and as comfortably as possible under the supervision of medical professionals—and provide treatment for the use of many substances, including (but not limited to):1,5
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/opiates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Opioids</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcohol</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment/facts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methamphetamine</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/is-it-addictive" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marijuana</a>.</li>
</ul>
In addition to treating the substance use disorders noted above, nearly 78% of the treatment centers in Indiana also provide treatment for disorders that often <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">co-occur</a> with substance misuse, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).5,6

[/callout]
<h2>How Much Does Rehab in Indiana Cost?</h2>
As you explore treatment options, you will notice that prices can vary widely. Prices are higher or lower depending on the level of care, location, services offered, and amenities available.

Before selecting a treatment center, you need to determine the proper [tooltip text="Levels of care in addiction treatment refer to the levels of care across a continuum, including outpatient, intensive outpatient/partial hospitalization, residential/inpatient, and intensive inpatient."]level of care[/tooltip] that you or your loved one need. You can determine this level of care by speaking with an addiction care specialist, who can provide feedback about your specific circumstances. Your primary care physician or licensed therapist may also be a support in identifying the proper level of recommended care.

Once you have a general idea of your necessary level of care, contact your insurance provider by calling the phone number on your insurance card and asking about your specific coverage options, co-pays, and deductibles.

The most effective treatment tailors the services to meet all of your needs. Therefore, unique plans, additional therapies, and amenities determine the final costs of treatment. Fortunately, most rehabs in Indiana offer multiple ways to pay for treatment.
<h3>Does Insurance Cover Rehab in Indiana?</h3>
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires all insurance plans to provide some amount of coverage for essential health benefits, which includes treatment for substance use.7

In the state of Indiana, most rehabs accept health insurance to pay for addiction treatment. Types of insurance accepted include:5,8
<ul>
 	<li>Private health insurance, which is accepted at 82% of the treatment centers.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/using-medicaid-to-pay-for-rehab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medicaid</a>, which is part of the Indiana Health Coverage Program (IHCP), and is accepted by 78.4% of the facilities.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/medicare" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medicare</a>, which is accepted at 59.6% of the rehabs in the state.</li>
 	<li>State-financed health insurance, other than Medicaid, which is accepted at 65.4% of the rehabs.</li>
 	<li>Federal military insurance, which 56.3% of the facilities take.</li>
 	<li>Indian Health Service/Tribal/Urban funds, which are accepted at 3.1% of the treatment centers.</li>
</ul>
If you do not have health insurance, 94.5% of the treatment facilities in Indiana accept cash or self-payment for services, which allows individuals to pay by credit card or use some form of a payment plan. Additionally, 59.6% of the treatment centers accept sliding-scale fees, which means cost is determined by the individual’s income.5

Others can explore free or state-funded treatment options, which account for 34.6% of the facilities in the state.5

[vob]

[cta button="Use Our Cost of Addiction Calculator" link="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-cost-calculator"]Are you or a loved one struggling with addiction and are concerned about the cost of treatment? Use our cost of addiction calculator to find out how much money addiction will cost you over your life time compared to the cost of going to rehab.[/cta]
<h2>How to Choose the Best Rehab in Indiana for You</h2>
As you explore rehab options for yourself or a loved one, it’s helpful to know what kinds of questions to ask the facilities you’re researching. If it’s possible, tour a treatment center before attending and talk to some of the staff and clinicians to get a better sense of environment, the structure, and the day-to-day routine.

Whether you visit the treatment center before attending or not, there are questions you should ask to <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/how-to-choose">help inform your decision about where to go for rehab</a>, including:
<ol>
 	<li>Does the facility accept my insurance?</li>
 	<li>What is the reputation of the treatment center, and are there reviews available to explore?</li>
 	<li>What treatment approaches does the center employ?</li>
 	<li>Does the treatment center use evidenced-based practices, or is it rooted in a religious or spiritual philosophy?</li>
 	<li>Does the treatment center require that employees have a professional license? If so, what are the licensing requirements and educational background of each license?</li>
 	<li>What accreditations does the facility have?</li>
 	<li>How much medical oversight is involved in treatment, and what are the medical requirements of treatment?</li>
 	<li>What are the restrictions related to phones calls, phone access, and visits? Can family members visit? Is family involved in therapy?</li>
 	<li>What if I decide to leave treatment early? Will this impact insurance coverage?</li>
</ol>
Besides the above questions, there might be some nice-to-know things based on your lifestyle preferences that can sway your decision. You may want to inquire about:
<ul>
 	<li>The food.</li>
 	<li>Exercise facilities or equipment.</li>
 	<li>Curfews.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Other Addiction Treatment Resources in Indiana</h2>
In addition to professional treatment centers, there are a variety of free community-based recovery support resources for people struggling with addiction.
<ul>
 	<li>Alcoholics Anonymous: One of the largest of the free mutual-help groups includes the 12-step program <a href="https://indyaa.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>, which is a peer-led program that helps individuals with alcohol misuse issues or addiction, recover. Meetings can be found in communities statewide.</li>
 	<li>Narcotics Anonymous: <a href="https://www.naindiana.org/home.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Narcotics Anonymous</a>, another 12-step support group, works with individuals, who have a variety of drug addictions, recover. Meetings can be found in communities statewide.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://ddainc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dual Diagnosis Anonymous (DDA)</a>: This 12-step program supports people with substance use and mental health disorders.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://www.smartrecovery.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Recovery</a>: Different from the spiritual foundation routed in AA and NA, SMART Recovery stands for self-management and recovery training and focuses on science-based practices, such as <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/motivational-interviewing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">motivational interviewing</a> and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cognitive-behavioral therapy</a>, to help individuals recover from drug and alcohol misuse.</li>
 	<li>Indiana Recovery Network (IRN): The <a href="https://www.iaprss.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiana Recovery Network</a> helps Hoosiers connect to organizations that can support them in sobriety. IRN connects individuals to free community meetings, sober living resources, and direct messaging with peers.</li>
 	<li>211: Hoosiers can call this number to be connected with recovery support services in their zip code.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://mhai.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mental Health America of Indiana</a>: This advocacy organization supports individuals with their overall mental wellness and recovery.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Addiction Treatment in Indiana and Beyond</h2>
Choosing to attend treatment is a huge step on your path to recovery, and there are many sources to support your journey. Some individuals struggling with substance use disorders find it beneficial to attend treatment in another state, which puts some distance between themselves and potential triggers that lead to their substance use.

American Addiction Centers (AAC) operates facilities throughout the country. If you or a loved one struggle with substance misuse or addiction, call us today at [phone] and let one of our knowledgeable and compassionate admissions navigators answer your questions, explain your options, and get you started on your path to recovery.

[link-bank title="You Might Also Be Interested In"]
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/medicare" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medicare for Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/free" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Free Rehab Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/rehab-faqs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FAQs About Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/payment-options" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab Payment Options</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/how-to-pay-for-rehab-without-insurance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paying for Rehab Without Insurance</a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Indiana Family &amp; Social Service Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.in.gov/fssa/dmha/files/Drug-FS-Substance-Use-IN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drug fact sheet: Substance use in Indiana.</a></li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, November 14). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/binge-drinking.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Binge Drinking</a>.</li>
 	<li>Indiana Family &amp; Social Service Administration. (n.d.). <a href="http://fsph.iupui.edu/doc/research-centers/research/Drug-Fact-Sheets-FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance misuse in Indiana</a>.</li>
 	<li>Indiana State Government. (n.d.). <a href="http://secure.in.gov/apps/fssa/providersearch/home/category/a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Addiction services</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35313/2020_NSSATS_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2020. Data on Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities.</a></li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/medications-substance-use-disorders/medications-counseling-related-conditions/co-occurring-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Co-occurring disorders and other health conditions</a>.</li>
 	<li>The White House, Office of National Drug Control Policy. (n.d.). <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance abuse and the Affordable Care Act</a>.</li>
 	<li>Indiana State Government. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.in.gov/fssa/hip/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family and Social Service Administration, Welcome to the Healthy Indiana Plan</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Drug & Alcohol Rehab Centers in Indiana: Finding Rehabs in Indiana

Effects of Alcohol on the Cardiovascular System

Autumn Jerumbo, MA | American Addiction Centers

American Addiction Centers

Home

contributors

Autumn Jerumbo, MA

Cornesha Broadway | American Addiction Centers

Rehab Admissions Process

<h2>What is Prior Authorization?</h2>
Prior authorization, sometimes called pre-authorization or prior approval, in healthcare, refers to the requirement that your provider (physician, hospital, etc.) obtain approval from your health insurance plan before performing a healthcare service, carrying out a treatment plan, prescribing a certain drug, or giving you a medical device. Without prior authorization, a health plan or insurer may not cover the costs of the service, program, drug, or equipment, leaving you stuck footing the entire bill—instead of your portion.2
<h2>How Does Prior Authorization Work?</h2>
Prior authorization can be done either electronically or manually. For prescription medications, prior authorization runs through electronic prior authorization (ePA) technology, which works to automate the process as follows:3
<ol>
 	<li>The healthcare provider selects the medication in the e-prescribing system.</li>
 	<li>Prior authorization is indicated if necessary and prompts the system to begin the process.</li>
 	<li>The ePA gets submitted before the healthcare provider submits the prescription to the pharmacy.</li>
 	<li>After the ePA is submitted, the health plan responds in real time with questions specific to the medication and the patient’s pharmacy benefit.</li>
 	<li>The healthcare provider (or staff member) submits the answers to the health plan.</li>
 	<li>A decision may be received with minutes.</li>
</ol>
The prior authorization for services, treatments, and devices isn’t as quick and simple as the ePA technology. To receive prior authorization for a healthcare service, you will need to follow some simple steps.
<ol>
 	<li>Contact your provider. Call your healthcare provider and ask what they need from you to begin the prior authorization process.</li>
 	<li>Fill out the paperwork. Forms generally include personal information as well as information about your medical condition and needs. It’s important to fill these forms out thoroughly and accurately.</li>
 	<li>Keep a paper trail. If your prior authorization is denied, you may need to refer to the paperwork, so don’t get rid of anything. It’s also handy to have a record of approved prior authorizations should you need the treatment, service, or device again.</li>
</ol>
Prior authorizations are intended to keep healthcare costs in check. By requiring a prior authorization, your health insurer or plan wants to ensure that the service or medication is necessary to treat your condition and that it’s the most economical solution.

Not surprising, this process meets with controversy since prior authorizations can lead to treatment delays and prevent patients from getting the care they need when they need it. Additionally, for individuals with ongoing conditions, needing repeated prior authorizations can hinder their progress.4
<h3>How Long Does It Take to Get Prior Authorization?</h3>
The length of time to get prior authorization varies by state, method of prior authorization transmission, and the urgency of the service or medication.5 In most cases, prior authorization requests for medications, using ePA, get responses within 2 business days but typically within 24 hours. On the other hand, manual transmissions for healthcare services may take up to 15 business days to get a response. In urgent situations, decisions typically come within 72 hours of submission.5
<h2>How to Get Prior Authorization for Rehab</h2>
Rehab falls under the umbrella of behavioral health services and is deemed essential. Therefore, health <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">insurance covers at least a portion of rehab</a>.  While all plans must cover behavioral health treatment—like psychotherapy and counseling—mental and behavioral health inpatient services, and substance use disorder treatment, the specifics vary by individual plan.6 

Historically, health plans required prior authorization for substance use disorder treatment, but the delay in treatment initiation places individuals at risk of continued substance use, overdose, and death. As a result—and in response to the opioid epidemic—state lawmakers removed some of the prior authorization requirements for addiction treatment.7 Check with your plan to see if prior authorization is required for addiction treatment.

[accordion-links type="insurance"]
<h3>What Happens If Prior Authorization is Denied?</h3>
In some cases, prior authorization is denied. You have the right to appeal your plan’s denial. First, find out why the prior authorization was denied. Some common reasons for denial may include:8
<ul>
 	<li>The service, treatment, medication, or device was not deemed medically necessary.</li>
 	<li>The particular benefit is not covered under your plan.</li>
 	<li>The prior authorization for services comes from an out-of-network provider.</li>
</ul>
If your prior authorization is denied, you have the right to appeal the decision in 1 of 2 ways:9
<ol>
 	<li>You can request an external review by an independent third party, which eliminates the insurance company from having a final say.</li>
 	<li>You can ask the insurance company to perform a full and fair review of its decision. If your service or medication is urgent, they must do this in a quick and timely manner.</li>
</ol>
<h2>Finding an Addiction Treatment Program</h2>
If you or a loved one struggle with addiction, American Addiction Centers (AAC) is here to answer your questions, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/verify-insurance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">verify your insurance</a> benefits, and explain your treatment options. We can also help you find out if your plan requires prior authorization and how to go about getting that if they do. Don’t let that stop you from getting the help you need. Call [phone]

[vob]

[link-bank title="You Might Also Be Interested In"]
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/medicare" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medicare for Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/free" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Free Rehab Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/rehab-faqs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FAQs About Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/payment-options" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab Payment Options</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/how-to-pay-for-rehab-without-insurance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paying for Rehab Without Insurance</a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>American Medical Association. (2022, July 12). <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/prior-authorization/what-prior-authorization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is prior authorization</a>?</li>
 	<li>Healthcare.gov. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/preauthorization/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Preauthorization.</a></li>
 	<li>American Medical Association. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/sustainability/prior-authorization-practice-resources" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prior authorization practice resources.</a></li>
 	<li>Association of Health Care Journalists. (2018, August 9). <a href="https://healthjournalism.org/blog/2018/08/prior-authorization-rules-yet-another-way-the-health-insurance-system-frustrates-physicians-and-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Prior Authorization Rules: Yet Another Way the Health Insurance System Frustrates Physicians and Patients</a>.</li>
 	<li>American Medical Association (AMA). (n.d.). <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2021-04/pa-state-chart.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2021 prior authorization state law chart.</a></li>
 	<li>Partnership to End Addiction. (2020, May). <a href="https://drugfree.org/reports/spotlight-on-prior-authorization/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotlight on Legislation Limiting the Use of Prior Authorization for Substance Use Disorder Services and Medications</a>.</li>
 	<li>Healthcare.gov. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/coverage/mental-health-substance-abuse-coverage/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mental health &amp; substance abuse coverage.</a></li>
 	<li>Community Health Advocates. (n.d.). <a href="https://communityhealthadvocates.org/healthcareqa/fight-a-denial/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CHA can help fight a denial.</a></li>
 	<li>Healthcare.gov. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/appeal-insurance-company-decision/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to appeal an insurance company decision.</a></li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Insurance Prior Authorization for Addiction Treatment

Especially when it comes to drug and <a href="/alcoholism-treatment">alcohol treatmen</a>t, navigating the ins and outs of healthcare insurance can seem daunting. When people start talking about in-network versus out-of-network providers, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/ppo">Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/hmo">Health Maintenance Organization (HMOs)</a>, and out-of-pocket maximums, it’s easy to tune it all out and put off treatment for another day.

In reality, though, healthcare isn’t all that complex—and treatment is vital. A few minutes of reading is all you need to gain a basic understanding of in-network and out-of-network treatment options. And even if a rehab facility is out of network, it doesn’t mean it’s necessarily out of reach financially.

Read on to learn more about out-of-network rehab insurance, coverage, benefits, and more—and to discover how to get in touch with a host of professionals that can walk you through the insurance maze and the entire admissions process.
<h2>What Does it Mean if a Facility or Provider is Out-of-network?</h2>
Insurance companies typically create a network of healthcare providers, facilities, and physicians that then provide care to their members. Providers within each network, aka <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/in-network" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in-network providers</a>, have contracts with the insurance companies in which they agree to offer specific (typically lower) prices and services for insurance plan members. For example, a healthcare provider may normally charge $200 for a service, but as an in-network provider for ABC Insurance, it might charge ABC patients only $90 for the same service.1

If a provider is out-of-network with a specific insurance company, it means it isn’t part of that company’s network, which is to say it’s not contracted to provide special services or pricing. As such, it can charge patients a much higher rate in some cases.1

So how does it affect your coverage or pricing if you choose an out-of-network rehab provider?

Simply put, it depends, as in-network versus out-of-network coverage varies. For example, your plan may offer some coverage for out-of-network care, but it'll probably be less than what it provides for in-network care.  For instance, your plan may pay 80% of your costs with an in-network provider but only 60% with an out-of-network provider. Here’s a breakdown of some of the more common insurance provider types and their out-of-network coverage.1
<ul>
 	<li>Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans often offer out-of-network coverage. And while you typically don’t need a referral to use out-of-network providers, you’ll likely pay a larger percentage of the costs than you would with an in-network provider.</li>
 	<li>Point-of-Service plans (POS) plans are similar to PPOs, but you’ll likely need a referral from a primary care provider in order to see a specialist.</li>
 	<li>Other insurance plans, such as Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans, don’t pay any benefits for care (except for emergency services) from out-of-network providers.</li>
</ul>
Note, however, that as of Jan. 1, 2022, the <a href="https://www.cms.gov/nosurprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Surprises Act</a> provides some protection against surprise bills from out-of-network facilities and doctors. These regulations also mean providers have to supply you with clear information about costs and options, which can make it easier to evaluate out-of-network care and truly understand the financial implications.2
<h2>Why Do People Sometimes Choose Out-of-network Providers?</h2>
Despite the potential coverage limitations of out-of-network providers, some people may still choose to use them for a host of reasons, including:
<ul>
 	<li>Patients may need emergency care—or medical assistance while traveling—in locales where there are no in-network providers available. </li>
 	<li>Patients may prefer to see a trusted practitioner that’s out of network due to their long-standing history and high degree of trust with the provider.</li>
 	<li>An out-of-network specialist or specialty facility may offer the best treatment to fit the needs and wants of the patient.</li>
 	<li>Patients may have selected an in-network provider (e.g., a hospital), but that provider uses out-of-network services, such as anesthesia or lab services.</li>
 	<li>Some people may believe they get a higher level of care when their providers are not contractually obligated to offer lower rates via in-network contracts.</li>
 	<li>When it comes to out-of-network benefits for rehab, patients may opt for an out-of-network provider simply because the treatment center offers the services (or perhaps the location or amenities) that best meet their needs.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Can I Go to an Out-of-network Rehab Facility or Treatment Program?</h2>
The simple answer is yes. Health insurance often covers rehab for <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/substance-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">substance use disorders</a> and various forms of mental health treatment. And no matter what type of insurance you have, you can always seek treatment at <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in-patient</a> and out-patient facilities that are out-of-network. But depending on your <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">insurance</a>, treatment may cost you more, or it may not be covered by insurance at all. That said, if the care that's most suitable to your needs is out-of-network, potentially improved health and happiness may be well worth the possible added cost.

Here are a few things to consider before you opt for an out-of-network treatment provider.
<ul>
 	<li>Out-of-network coverage. Before you get too deep into your exploration, first determine if your insurance offers any coverage for out-of-network providers.</li>
 	<li>Percentage Breakdowns. If your insurance allows for use of out-of-network providers, determine what percentage of treatment fees you’ll pay for in-network versus out-of-network care. For example, you may end up paying 20% of treatment costs for an in-network provider but 50% of fees for an out-of-network facility.</li>
 	<li>Referrals. Does your insurance require a referral (perhaps from your primary healthcare provider) before it will pay for treatment at an out-of-network provider?</li>
 	<li>Billing Practices. Some insurance companies bill out-of-network claims differently than in-network claims. For example, you may be billed directly for services and then have to submit a claim to recoup the costs. In this is case, it’s more of a logistical hoop to jump through than a financial one, but it’s important to understand the process from the start.</li>
 	<li>Out-of-Pocket Maximums. Your out-of-pocket maximum is the greatest amount of money you’ll pay each year in deductibles, copays, coinsurance, etc. Once you reach this figure, your insurance typically pays 100% of covered costs for the remainder of that year. Some insurance companies may not count fees for out-of-network providers toward these out-of-pocket maximums. Or, they may have a second, higher, out-of-pocket maximum for these out-of-network providers. Bottom line: It’s important to investigate your coverage thoroughly.</li>
</ul>
Opting for an out-of-network provider might sound like an insurmountable challenge. But at <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/admissions/navigator-team" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a>, we have [tooltip text="Admissions navigators are real people, some of whom are in recovery themselves, who are eager to talk with you 24/7 and to help you or your loved one find treatment. They listen to and truly hear your story. Then they help guide you through the admissions process, including exploring insurance options and payment plans, and answering any questions you have about treatment."]admissions navigators[/tooltip] who can help you investigate your insurance coverage and options. Our helpline at [phone] is available 24/7 to assist you in finding the treatment you need.

But even if you don’t have insurance, treatment centers may be able to assist you in securing grants and scholarships, or they may even use an income-based sliding fee scale to cover the <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/rehab-cost" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cost of treatment</a>. Once again, our admissions navigators can walk through your financing options with you. Give us a call today and take your first steps toward recovery.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Health Insurance Market Place. (n.d.). <a href="https://marketplace.cms.gov/outreach-and-education/what-you-should-know-provider-networks.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What you should know about provider networks.</a></li>
 	<li>Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services. (2022, November 15). <a href="https://www.cms.gov/nosurprises/consumers/new-protections-for-you">New protections for you.</a></li>
</ol>
[/sources]

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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment">Drug &amp; Alcohol Rehab Therapies</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">Outpatient Rehab Treatment Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/how-long-rehab-last">How Long Does Rehab Take?</a></li>
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&nbsp;

What if My Rehab Center is Out of Network?

Cornesha Broadway received dual Master’s degrees from both Louisiana Tech University in Health Informatics, and Tulane University in Information Systems Management.  In her tenure working in different healthcare systems, she directly witnessed the effects that substance abuse had on both victims and their families.  She would often have direct contact with these patients and hear [&hellip;]

https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Cornesha-Broadway.jpg

Cornesha Broadway

Gillian Tietz Headshot 2 | American Addiction Centers

January represents a fresh start, and one of the most popular goals in the new year is to be healthier. Americans typically increase their drinking during the holiday season, so January is a popular time to take a break from alcohol. Dry January is an initiative from Alcohol Change UK to encourage people to boost their health and quit drinking for 31 days.

While alcohol seems to help us socialize, relax, unwind, and have fun, there are certainly downsides to drinking. The thing is, they don’t appear for several hours after alcohol consumption, which means it’s sometimes hard to remember the negative physical and mental consequences when that “fun” drink is staring us in the face.

So, if you are participating in Dry January, or any dry month, here are some positive benefits you might see during the challenge. These five advantages just might help you stick it out through those 31 days—and beyond.
<h2>1.  Healthier, Younger-Looking Skin</h2>
Alcohol suppresses an antidiuretic hormone called vasopressin, which causes the kidneys to excrete too much water, leading to dehydration and frequent urination. If you drink alcohol regularly, you may be dehydrated a large portion of the time. Alcohol can dehydrate your skin no matter how many creams or treatments you invest in, and dry, dehydrated skin wrinkles much faster than properly hydrated skin.

A 2019 study published in The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology looked at heavy drinking, smoking, and facial aging in women. This study found that heavy alcohol use, which is characterized by 8 or more drinks per week for women, was associated with increased facial aging in almost all features analyzed.

If you stop drinking, your existing wrinkles won’t magically disappear. However, you will likely see less dry skin, redness, and puffiness. In fact, a 2018 report on Dry January from the University of Sussex found that 54% of participants saw better skin from the month-long challenge. And in my experience, those mysterious dry patches on my face that wouldn’t go away no matter what product I tried finally disappeared when I stopped drinking.
<h2>2.  Improved Digestion and Gut Health</h2>
Alcohol impairs the stomach's ability to absorb nutrients and irritates the digestive tract. As an inflammatory substance, alcohol irritates and inflames the GI tract, leading to bloating and discomfort. Plus, studies have found that chronic heavy drinking initiates a process in the gut that leads to inflammation throughout the entire body. And that inflammation can be significant. In fact, after I quick drinking, I dropped a pant size with no change in weight.

This inflammation doesn’t just cause puffiness and bloating. A 2017 review published in Alcohol Research describes several studies that have observed how this inflammation induces changes in the gut microbiome, which increases permeability of the intestines (meaning things can get into our bloodstream that normally wouldn’t) and disrupts the immune system.

Heavy drinking also increases the ability of bad bacteria to thrive in the gut, leading to an overgrowth of bad bacteria and a disruption of the ratio between good and bad bacteria. A 2014 study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) looked at patients in a detox program with alcohol use disorder and high intestinal permeability. The study found that within 3 weeks, levels of good gut bacteria had significantly improved, and gut barrier function was the same as healthy counterparts.
<h2>3.  Potential Weight Loss</h2>
Alcohol is a toxic substance, and the body prioritizes its elimination. But since the body can only do so many things at once, it deprioritizes other tasks when alcohol is around.

<img class="wp-image-19796 alignleft" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/weight-issues.jpg" alt="" width="314" height="219" />Eliminating body fat is a task that is not necessary for our survival and can easily be deprioritized when resources are needed for processing alcohol. Thus, it isn’t just the excess calories in alcohol that influence weight gain or stubborn weight loss. It’s the deprioritization of fat elimination. And according to the University of Sussex, 58% of Dry January participants lost weight during the month-long challenge.

It’s important to remember that weight loss is not a guarantee and should not be your only goal for abstinence. Rather, there are many factors that affect weight loss success, and alcohol is only one of them.
<h2>4.  Increased Energy Levels and Better Sleep</h2>
While alcohol helps us fall asleep faster, that’s where the sleep benefits end. Alcohol actually disrupts the normal sleep experience.

With alcohol consumption, we have more periods of deep sleep in the beginning of the night, and as the alcohol wears off, we alternate between light sleep and waking up. In fact, according to <a href="https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16110307" target="_blank" rel="noopener">an article published in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</a>, chronic alcohol use is associated with sleep complaints in 35 to 91% of patients, whose main complaints include poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and difficulty falling asleep.

<img class="size-medium wp-image-77208 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/shutterstock_1299304069-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" />Even if you don’t struggle with an alcohol use disorder but drink regularly, you can quickly develop tolerance to the sedative effects of alcohol. A 2018 study published in Sleep found that healthy individuals who didn’t struggle with alcohol use disorder developed a tolerance to the “sleep aid” benefits of alcohol by night 6 after having approximately 2 standard drinks per night.

What’s more, alcohol disrupts your ability to enter REM sleep, which is the restorative type of sleep where your brain recycles toxins and processes memories from the day. When you stop drinking, you may experience a phenomenon called REM rebound, which can start to occur after roughly 5 to 6 days of abstinence. During this time, the brain begins healing, and normal sleep cycles resume. According to the University of Sussex, 71% of Dry January participants experienced better sleep, and 67% had more energy throughout the month.

However, REM rebound causes you to have more REM cycles and to stay in REM longer than you normally would. Since REM sleep is where we dream, you may have more dreams—and more nightmares. Combine this increased REM with anxiety about your recent break from alcohol, and you can experience drinking dreams, which are very vivid dreams where you are consuming alcohol. They feel real and can cause panic and feelings of guilt when you first wake up.

A drinking dream study done by Massachusetts General Hospital looked at more than 2,000 people in recovery and found that about one-third of participants had drinking dreams. However, according to that same study, these dreams decreased as the length of abstinence increased.
<h2>5.  Lower Resting Heart Rate and Reduced Blood Pressure</h2>
A 2020 meta-analysis found that even 1 standard drink is enough to increase a person’s heart rate. Plus, heavy drinking will initially decrease blood pressure for 6 to 12 hours, and then blood pressure will increase as the alcohol wears off. And since alcohol causes dehydration, which decreases the amount of blood circulating through the body, the heart beats faster to compensate. Generally, the more alcohol you drink, the faster your heart beats.

After a night of heavy drinking, you may have jolted awake at 3 a.m. with a racing heart and anxiety. Once you stop drinking, you will hopefully observe that this 3 a.m. wake-up call stops happening and that your blood pressure and resting heart rate begin to reduce.

In my experience, my resting heart rate was 80-85 bpm, and my blood pressure was around 135-140/80 while I was drinking. During abstinence, my resting heart rate is 70 bpm, and my blood pressure is 110/60. These decreases in heart rate and pressure have had a major positive impact on how I feel throughout the day.
<h2>What Happens After Dry January?</h2>
Taking a month off alcohol is often associated with significant physical changes, which may include:

[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li>Better sleep.</li>
 	<li>Improved skin health.</li>
 	<li>Reduced inflammation.</li>
 	<li>Improved gut microbiome.</li>
 	<li>Reduced gut permeability.</li>
 	<li>Decreased heartburn.</li>
 	<li>Lower blood pressure.</li>
 	<li>Reduced resting heart rate.</li>
 	<li>Less liver fat.</li>
 	<li>Lower cholesterol.</li>
 	<li>Reduced insulin resistance.</li>
 	<li>Lower blood glucose.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]

Not bad, right? But if you decide to extend your period of abstinence, in month or two you will likely observe more mental benefits, such as improved focus, mental clarity, and emotion regulation.

However, even if you return to drinking, your month of abstinence will give you powerful knowledge about the effects of alcohol. And understanding the outcomes of your drinking, not just the positives in the first hour but the negatives several hours and even days later, can help you begin to re-evaluate your relationship with alcohol.

To learn more about author Gillian Tietz and her science-based insights on alcohol, check out the <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-talk/gill-tietz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Addiction Talk Podcast (Episode 19)</a> and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/the-science-behind-alcoholism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Science Behind Alcoholism</a>, which feature her story and leverage her extensive knowledge on how alcohol impacts the brain and can lead to addiction.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Goodman GD, Kaufman J, Day D, et al. Impact of Smoking and Alcohol Use on Facial Aging in Women: Results of a Large Multinational, Multiracial, Cross-sectional Survey. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019;12(8):28-39.</li>
 	<li>Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, et al. Alcohol and Gut-Derived Inflammation. Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):163-171.</li>
 	<li>Leclercq S, Matamoros S, Cani PD, et al. Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(42):E4485-E4493.</li>
 	<li>De Visser, R. Lockwood, N. Evaluation of Dry January 2018. University of Sussex. 2018.</li>
 	<li>Timothy Roehrs, Thomas Roth, Insomnia as a path to alcoholism: tolerance development and dose escalation, Sleep, Volume 41, Issue 8, August 2018</li>
 	<li>Colrain IM, Nicholas CL, Baker FC. Alcohol and the sleeping brain. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;125:415-431.</li>
 	<li>John F. Kelly, M. Claire Greene. The reality of drinking and drug using dreams: A study of the prevalence, predictors, and decay with time in recovery in a national sample of U.S. adults. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2019; 96: 12</li>
 	<li>Tasnim S, Tang C, Musini VM, Wright JM. Effect of alcohol on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;7(7):CD012787. Published 2020 Jul 1</li>
 	<li>Richard O de Visser, Richard Piper, Short- and Longer-Term Benefits of Temporary Alcohol Abstinence During ‘Dry January’ Are Not Also Observed Among Adult Drinkers in the General Population: Prospective Cohort Study, Alcohol and Alcoholism, Volume 55, Issue 4, July 2020, Pages 433–438</li>
 	<li>Mehta G, Macdonald S, Cronberg A, et alShort-term abstinence from alcohol and changes in cardiovascular risk factors, liver function tests and cancer-related growth factors: a prospective observational studyBMJ Open 2018;8:e020673.</li>
 	<li>Martindale, S. L., Hurley, R. A., &amp; Taber, K. H. (2017). <a href="https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16110307?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed">Chronic Alcohol Use and Sleep Homeostasis: Risk Factors and Neuroimaging of Recovery</a>. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 29(1), A6–A5. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16110307</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

&nbsp;

5 Health Benefits of Dry January

Anxiety is a feeling of worry, unease, and/or fear that’s often accompanied by physical feelings such as nausea and chest tightness. “Hangxiety” (i.e., hangover anxiety), on the other hand, involves anxiety-like feelings that occur after drinking alcohol, most often following a night of drinking.

Studies have found that alcohol can cause anxiety, especially when consumed in large amounts or when used as a coping mechanism for stress and other forms of emotional distress. So if you’ve jolted awake at 3 a.m. in a panic after a night of heavy drinking, hangxiety may be to blame. Understanding what’s happening as well as the physiological and psychological causes of hangxiety may help you avoid it in the future.
<h2>Physiological Causes</h2>
Hangxiety is typically caused by three factors: increased cortisol levels, decreases in GABA in the brain, and increased heart rate.
<h3>Increased Cortisol Levels</h3>
Cortisol is a stress hormone that is responsible for regulating our immune, reward, cognition, and emotion systems. Cortisol levels begin to increase in the second half of the night, peak in the early morning, slowly decrease throughout the day, and hit the lowest point in the first half of sleep. Heavy drinking disrupts this normal process by increasing the level of cortisol and preventing it from declining normally. Heavy drinking additionally influences cortisol because it puts the body in a state of stress, and entering withdrawal causes even more stress.

Elevated cortisol changes the way that neurons send signals by making neurons more active. This overactivity can be perceived as anxiety and restlessness. A 2019 study published in Addiction Biology compared those who participated in binge and heavy drinking to social drinkers who drank moderately. It found that stress in combination with alcohol cues increased cravings in those who drank heavily or binged on alcohol but not in the moderate drinker group. Those who binged or drank heavily also had a rise in cortisol after drinking that was associated with even more cravings for alcohol.

Furthermore, studies suggest that women are generally more impacted by this phenomenon than men. According to a 2008 study published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, alcohol’s impact on cortisol was stronger in women. For men, units of alcohol per week had the most impact on raised cortisol levels. For women, units per week along with how often they drank and how much they drank in one drinking session all had an impact on raising cortisol levels.
<h3>Decreased GABA in the Brain</h3>
The brain maintains homeostasis between our main excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, and our main inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These neurotransmitters work together to keep our brain activity in balance. This is important because too much glutamate can lead to seizures, and too much GABA can lead to coma.

Alcohol boosts GABA and slows down brain activity. This is why you feel relaxed and calm when you drink alcohol. However, the brain is very adaptable and is always trying to stay in balance. When you drink heavily and/or frequently, the balance has tipped towards GABA. If this happens, the brain does two things to restore balance. It reduces the amount of GABA receptors on the outside of neurons, and it increases the amount of glutamate in the brain.

With less GABA receptors, it’s harder for alcohol to calm us down, so we require more alcohol to have the same effect. Plus, with more glutamate, the brain is more excitable and stimulated. As the alcohol wears off, it's no longer stimulating GABA and slowing down your brain. But you have extra glutamate circulating around that is speeding things up. Bottom line: This condition causes that middle-of-the-night panic you feel after a night of heavy drinking, and it can increase anxiety the following day or for several days.
<h3>Increased Heart Rate</h3>
A 2020 meta-analysis found that even 1 standard drink is enough to increase a person’s heart rate. This is because alcohol causes dehydration, and it doesn’t just make you feel excessively thirsty in the middle of the night. Dehydration decreases the amount of blood circulating through the body, so the heart needs to beat faster to compensate.
<h2>Psychological Causes<img class="wp-image-19779 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/anxiety-and-depression-e1664492431168.jpg" alt="A man experiencing anxiety holds his hand to his head while leaning on a rail outside." width="233" height="158" /></h2>
Aside from physiological causes, hangxiety is also related to psychological factors, such as regret and worry, expectations, and mental health conditions.
<h3>Regret and Worry</h3>
Waking up with a fuzzy memory can lead to spiraling thoughts about what you did the night before, what other people must think of you, and if anyone is going to say something to you about it. You may be concerned that people are mad at you or worry about text messages, calls, or emails that you made or sent while drinking. Regret and worry are particularly prevalent after blacking out from drinking and trying to piece together the binge-drinking episode.
<h3>Expectations</h3>
If you expect to feel relaxed after drinking, you may feel anxious if this doesn’t happen. This can lead to increased levels of worry and fear as you struggle to understand why you’re feeling anxious instead of relaxed. As we drink more regularly, we develop tolerance, and we need more alcohol to get the same effect. Tolerance occurs because the brain is trying to stay in balance, so it will attempt to balance out all of the physiological effects, thus reducing the impact of each drink. Instead of needing one glass of wine to relax you, you’ll likely need two, and then three, and so on.
<h3>Mental-Health Conditions and Self-Medicating</h3>
There is a strong link between mental-health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, and alcohol use. People who struggle with their mental health are more likely to turn to alcohol as a form of self-medication, which can lead to increased feelings of anxiety. It’s estimated that 20% of people who suffer from anxiety use alcohol to cope with their symptoms, and people who have anxiety are 3 times more likely to struggle with alcohol at some point in their lives.

A 2003 study published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology followed 412 depressed patients over a 10-year period. At the end of the study, 43% of people who drank to cope developed an alcohol use disorder, compared to only 15% of the participants who did not drink to cope. Another 10-year study published in 2001 found that drinking to cope is linked to alcohol abuse, negative drinking outcomes, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.
<h2>The 3 a.m. Wakeup and Beyond</h2>
When you drink heavily, you may be jolted awake at 3 a.m. with hangxiety. This happens because alcohol initially makes it easier to fall asleep, but once the alcohol begins to wear off, you are left with elevated cortisol and glutamate levels, which both make it more difficult to sleep. Remember, the more alcohol you drink, the faster your heart beats, so your overexcited brain is accompanied by a racing heart, making it even harder to go back to sleep. <img class="wp-image-18818 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/sleeping-due-to-depression.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="165" />

The amount of time it takes for hangxiety to pass depends on the individual and factors such as genetics, anxiety levels without alcohol, how much alcohol has been consumed, and how regularly the individual drinks. Generally, hangxiety should begin to fade after 24 hours, but if you are drinking frequently, then you may often be in a state of hangxiety.

The most important thing to understand is that although alcohol might relieve anxiety in the short term, it is not an effective coping mechanism. When we manufacture our feelings with alcohol, the brain will typically produce the opposite effect to stay in balance—potentially creating the exact feelings we were trying to avoid in the first place.

To learn more about author Gillian Tietz and her science-based insights on alcohol, check out the <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-talk/gill-tietz">Addiction Talk Podcast (Episode 19)</a> and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/the-science-behind-alcoholism">The Science Behind Alcoholism</a>, which feature her story and leverage her extensive knowledge on how alcohol impacts the brain and can lead to addiction.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Blaine SK, Nautiyal N, Hart R, Guarnaccia JB, Sinha R. Craving, cortisol and behavioral alcohol motivation responses to stress and alcohol cue contexts and discrete cues in binge and non-binge drinkers. Addict Biol. 2019;24(5):1096-1108. doi:10.1111/adb.12665</li>
 	<li>Badrick E, Bobak M, Britton A, Kirschbaum C, Marmot M, Kumari M. The relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol secretion in an aging cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(3):750-757. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0737</li>
 	<li>Tasnim S, Tang C, Musini VM, Wright JM. Effect of alcohol on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;7(7):CD012787. Published 2020 Jul 1</li>
 	<li>Holahan, C. Drinking to Cope and Alcohol Use and Abuse in Unipolar Depression: A 10-Year Model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol 112, No1, 159-165. 2003.</li>
 	<li>Holahan CJ, Moos RH, Holahan CK, Cronkite RC, Randall PK. Drinking to cope, emotional distress and alcohol use and abuse: a ten-year model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2001;62(2):190-198. doi:10.15288/jsa.2001.62.190</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

&nbsp;

Why Alcohol Causes Hangover Anxiety (i.e., Hangxiety)

Gillian Tietz is the founder and host of the Sober Powered podcast. After she quit drinking in 2019, she leveraged her background as a biochemist and began to educate herself and others about how alcohol impacts the brain and can lead to addiction. Currently an Adjunct Chemistry Professor at the Wentworth Institute of Technology in [&hellip;]

Gillian Tietz | American Addiction Centers

https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Gillian-Tietz-Headshot-2.jpg

Gillian Tietz

Lauren Fawley | American Addiction Centers

Adderall Addiction Treatment: Detox, Rehab, and Aftercare

[content-overview]

Klonopin, and brand name for clonazepam, is a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">benzodiazepine</a> that medical practitioners prescribe for the short-term treatment of panic disorder and certain types of seizure disorders.1 Klonopin is a fast-acting sedative that produces a relaxed, drowsy effect by calming an otherwise overexcited central nervous system (CNS).2 

[/content-overview]

When taken as directed, Klonopin is generally safe but there are risks associated with its use and misuse.2 Klonopin is a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. This means it has a known potential for misuse and dependence.2,3

Misuse of clonazepam may include taking a higher dose than was prescribed; taking it in a manner other than was prescribed; taking it for its euphoric effects, or to “get high”; or taking it with other substances, such as opioids or alcohol.4

Clonazepam, like many prescription medications, produces side effects on its own; misuse increases the risk of adverse side effects and increases the risk of overdose.5

Keep reading to understand the side effects associated with clonazepam; the risks associated with long-term use and misuse, including overdose; use during pregnancy; and treatment options if you or a loved one misuse clonazepam.
<h2>Clonazepam Side Effects</h2>
Clonazepam can be beneficial, but there are both short- and long-term adverse effects associated with its use.1 Some common side effects of clonazepam include:6 
<ul>
 	<li>Drowsiness.</li>
 	<li>Depression.</li>
 	<li>Fatigue.</li>
 	<li>Impaired coordination and balance.</li>
 	<li>Dizziness.</li>
</ul>
[callout]

Adverse reactions associated with misuse may include:6

[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li>Abdominal pain.</li>
 	<li>Amnesia.</li>
 	<li>Anorexia.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Aggression.</li>
 	<li>Poor muscle control.</li>
 	<li>Blurred vision.</li>
 	<li>Confusion.</li>
 	<li>Depression.</li>
 	<li>Impulsivity.</li>
 	<li>Disorientation.</li>
 	<li>Dizziness.</li>
 	<li>Euphoria.</li>
 	<li>Inability to concentrate.</li>
 	<li>Impaired memory.</li>
 	<li>Indigestion.</li>
 	<li>Irritability.</li>
 	<li>Muscle pain.</li>
 	<li>Slurred speech.</li>
 	<li>Tremors.</li>
 	<li>Vertigo.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]
[/callout]
When individuals engage in polysubstance use and combine their clonazepam use with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants, there is a risk of serious, even fatal effects, including overdose, which can result in severe sedation and respiratory depression.6

<h3>Long-Term Effects of Clonazepam Use</h3>
As previously mentioned, clonazepam—and benzodiazepines, in general—are intended for short-term use. In fact, the drug’s effectiveness beyond 9 weeks of use is unknown.6 Long-term clonazepam use may result in certain adverse health effects, including impairments in learning and memory and even dementia, however, this information is based primarily on a small number of studies with patients who use therapeutic doses.1

We do know, however, that regular clonazepam use can lead an individual to develop a tolerance to it, meaning the individual needs larger doses to achieve the desired effect.2 Additionally, an individual, who takes clonazepam regularly for extended periods may develop physiological dependence, wherein their body becomes so used to having the drug present that when they abruptly discontinue use or significantly reduce their dose, withdrawal symptoms surface.2

Withdrawal symptoms can be uncomfortable and potentially dangerous. Individuals who take higher doses over a longer period are at risk of experiencing more severe withdrawal symptoms.1

Clonazepam withdrawal may include:1

[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li>Anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Irritability.</li>
 	<li>Insomnia.</li>
 	<li>Tremors.</li>
 	<li>Headache.</li>
 	<li>Depression.</li>
 	<li>Sweating.</li>
 	<li>Confusion.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]

[callout]

Individuals who have developed a dependence to clonazepam should not attempt to stop use on their own but instead seek advice and assistance from a healthcare professional, since withdrawal symptoms can be severe or potentially fatal if left untreated.7

[/callout]
<h2>Clonazepam Overdose</h2>
While individuals can overdose from clonazepam alone, it’s rare. Clonazepam <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/overdose" target="_blank" rel="noopener">overdose</a> typically presents as oversedation with symptoms that may include:6
<ul>
 	<li>Mild to moderate drowsiness.</li>
 	<li>Confusion.</li>
 	<li>Impaired reflexes.</li>
</ul>
Oversedation is typically not life threatening and can often be reversed with flumazenil, a prescription drug.6

However, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/mixing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mixing drugs</a> (polysubstance use)—specifically combining clonazepam with opioids, alcohol, and other CNS depressants—can lead to life-threatening respiratory depression, slowed or stopped breathing, and can be fatal.6

Between 2019 and 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that over 90% of all benzodiazepine-involved overdose deaths also involved prescription or illicitly manufactured opioids, based on data collected from 23 states.8

[callout]If you suspect overdose, call 911 immediately and remain with the individual until help arrives. Administer naloxone (Narcan) if it is available. Naloxone reverses the effects of opioids in the event of polysubstance overdose, and will not harm a person if they have not taken opioids.[/callout]

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<h3>Clonazepam Use During Pregnancy</h3>
Studies indicate that the use of clonazepam during pregnancy may cause temporary withdrawal symptoms in some newborns—which may include trouble breathing, poor circulation, and low muscle tone—especially when the baby is exposed to clonazepam at the end of the pregnancy.9 

Two studies suggest that babies exposed to clonazepam during pregnancy might be more likely to be born preterm or with low birth weight. However, this information is based on only two studies, and it is not known if the pregnant women took the medication as directed. It also isn’t known whether the results of the studies may be more related to the underlying health condition for which they took Klonopin, such as anxiety. There is even greater uncertainty surrounding long-term effects (if any) on children who were exposed to clonazepam in the womb.9

It is important to talk to your doctor about clonazepam use—and other drug use—during pregnancy to understand the risks to both the fetus and you should you stop the medication.
<h2>Treatment for Clonazepam Misuse and Addiction</h2>
If you or someone you care about is misusing clonazepam, help is available. Treatment can occur in a variety of settings and should include services unique to you, your substance use history, and overall needs and treatment goals.

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/klonopin-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clonazepam addiction</a> treatment may begin with medically managed detoxification. As previously mentioned, clonazepam withdrawal can be incredibly unpleasant and even dangerous, therefore; you should not suddenly stop or cut back your clonazepam use on your own. Instead, you should seek the advice and supervision of a medical professional, who can keep you safe and as comfortable as possible while your body rids itself of clonazepam and other toxins.10

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox">Detox</a>, alone, is typically not sufficient treatment to support long-term abstinence. It is often the first step in a more comprehensive treatment plan which includes:10
<ul>
 	<li>Behavioral interventions to help you change your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors surrounding your substance use.</li>
 	<li>Continued assessment so that treatment can be modified to meet your changing needs.</li>
 	<li>A variety of services to address your physical, mental, and emotional health.</li>
 	<li>Coping skills training to help you identify triggers, manage stressors, and prevent relapse.</li>
 	<li>Substance use education.</li>
 	<li>Services such occupational training and housing help.</li>
 	<li>Aftercare or long-term, follow-up services such as mutual-help groups or sober living environments to help you avoid relapse.</li>
</ul>
Recovery is a lifelong process, and your journey can start right now. Call American Addiction Centers and let one of our compassionate Admissions Navigators listen to your story, answer your questions, and review treatment options with you.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Hajira, B. &amp; Kahwaji, C.I. (2022, September 1). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556010/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clonazepam.</a></li>
 	<li>Drug Enforcement Administration (2019, December). <a href="https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/benzo.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines.</a></li>
 	<li>United States Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drug Scheduling</a>.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, March 6). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-cns-depressants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription CNS Depressants DrugFacts</a>. </li>
 	<li>Schmitz, A. (2016). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007645/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: A review</a>. The Mental Health Clinician, 6(3), 120-126.</li>
 	<li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021, February). <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/017533s061lbl.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Klonopin tablets (clonazepam)</a>.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report:<a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/misuse-prescription-drugs/how-can-prescription-drug-addiction-be-treated" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How can prescription drug addiction be treated? Treating Addiction to CNS Depressants</a>.</li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, August 20). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/featured-topics/ioad-benzo-overdose.html#:~:text=What%20are%20Benzodiazepines%3F,hours%20to%20over%2024%20hours" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A day to remember.</a></li>
 	<li>Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. (2022, February). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582643/#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20clonazepam%20during,tone%20(floppy%20baby%20syndrome)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clonazepam (Klonopin®).</a> Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS).</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment approaches for drug addiction DrugFacts</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Klonopin Addiction: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Klonopin

Lauren Fawley received her Masters Degree in Community Counseling from Arizona State University in 2009 and has since been actively practicing therapy, with an emphasis in community mental health. She specializes in counseling adults and families with mental health, relational, and substance use concerns. Lauren has been a clinical writer and reviewer in her fields [&hellip;]

https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Lauren-Fawley-scaled.jpg

Lauren Fawley

Head Shot | American Addiction Centers

Impact of Drug Use on Oral Health: Drugs That Cause Dental Problems

When holidays roll around, uncomfortable emotions related to substance misuse often come to the forefront. Whether it's you or another family member that is suffering from a substance use disorder, celebratory events such as Thanksgiving, Father’s Day, Hanukkah, Christmas, and more can bring up the pain, frustration, anger, shame, etc., that often accompany substance misuse in families. What’s more, these emotions—not to mention estrangements caused or worsened by substance misuse—can linger long after the individual with the disorder has sought treatment and entered recovery.

Bottom line: For some people, normally festive events can generate a host of potentially hurtful emotions related to substance misuse. For these individuals, holidays—particularly those centered on family members such as Father’s Day and Mother’s Day—can leave them feeling isolated, stressed, and maybe even envious of others who have seemingly idyllic family relationships.

If any of this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. According to results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 46.3 million people aged 12 and older (16.5% of the U.S. population) had a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/substance-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">substance use disorder</a> in the past year, including 24 million with a drug use disorder and 29.5 million with an alcohol use disorder.1 What’s more, in that same year, 94% of those individuals with a substance use disorder did not receive any treatment.2 

So despite what you see on TV and your social feeds, substance misuse issues are likely far more common than you  think. And chances are, holidays aren’t always as joyous for others as you’ve been led to believe.

But what can you do when family-centric holidays roll around? How can you lessen some of the stress and strain?

First, it’s often helpful understand the role that substance misuse plays in families. And second, it’s important to explore treatment and support for you and/or your loved ones. So let’s take a quick look at both of these topics.
<h2>SUDs and Families: Potential Characteristics </h2>
No two families are identical, and each family unit functions differently regardless of whether substance misuse is woven into its fabric. However, by understanding some of the effects of substance use disorders—which can impact everyone from parents and spouses/partners to <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/children" target="_blank" rel="noopener">children</a>–it may help individuals to better understand their circumstances and take steps to mitigate issues.

<img class="alignright wp-image-68297 size-medium" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/shutterstock_1707843793-300x200.jpg" alt="fathers day addiction and estrangement" width="300" height="200" />

Generally speaking, when substance misuse occurs, families display the following common features:3
<ul>
 	<li>High levels of dysfunction and distress.</li>
 	<li>Low levels of expressiveness, agreement, and cohesion.</li>
 	<li>Lack of flexibility.</li>
 	<li>An interconnection between dysfunction and substance misuse/relapse (aka reciprocal causality).</li>
</ul>
Additionally, when <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/family-marital-problems" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one or more family members have substance misuse issues</a>, the following patterns of interaction may also occur.4
<ul>
 	<li>Denial. Parents may deny their own substance misuse issues or those of their children.</li>
 	<li>Negativism. The overall mood of the family is negative and downbeat, and family communication often takes the form of complaints, criticism, and other expressions of displeasure. Anything positive is downplayed, and the only way to get attention or enliven the situation is to create a crisis.</li>
 	<li>Parental inconsistency. Parental figures who are inconsistent with the house rules, guidelines, and expectations create an atmosphere of chaos and confusion, as children attempt to navigate these ever-changing waters.</li>
 	<li>Self-medication. A parent or child may use substances to deal with and/or numb the feelings associated with disorders such as depression and anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Unrealistic parental expectations. This may consist of parental expectations set so high that they’re out of children’s reach or so low that children limit their efforts and actually fulfill their parents’ lackluster expectations.</li>
 	<li>Miscarried expression of anger. Those who resent their emotionally deprived home may channel their repressed anger in the form of substance/alcohol use.</li>
</ul>
So if you’re experiencing these characteristics or patterns, you’re not alone. But perhaps more importantly, there’s help available for both you and your family members.
<h2>Getting Addiction Help for Yourself</h2>
If you have a substance misuse issue, the first step—admitting you need help and seeking it out—is often the most difficult. It can seem particularly intimidating to see the end goal down the road and recognize there are multiple steps needed to get there. However, recovery is well worth every step required to obtain it, and there are myriad individuals and treatment options that can help you along the way.

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> offers tons of content related to seeking treatment for yourself, including:
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/sobriety-guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Get Sober: A Guide to Sobriety</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/overcoming-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Break an Addiction</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/admissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab Admissions Process</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance Abuse Treatment Types and Therapy Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/guide-for-families-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab Guide for Families</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient-vs-outpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inpatient vs. Outpatient Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insurance Coverage and Rehab</a></li>
</ul>
Additionally, you can take a deep dive into a host of substances to learn more about effects, signs and symptoms of use, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments" target="_blank" rel="noopener">withdrawal</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">detox</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">treatment and therapy types</a>, and more. While AAC treats disorders related to myriad substances, here are a few that are commonly misused:

[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcohol</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fentanyl</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/heroin-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Heroin</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methamphetamine</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/opiates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Opioids</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/prescription-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription drugs</a>.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]

You can also reach out to AAC at [phone] to answer your questions about treatment, verify your insurance coverage, and discuss <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/payment-options" target="_blank" rel="noopener">additional ways to pay for rehab</a>.
<h2>How to Encourage Someone to Seek Treatment </h2>
If you’re trying to prompt a loved one to seek treatment, there are resources available to you as well.
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/convincing-someone-to-go" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Encourage Someone to Go to Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/married-to-a-drug-addict" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Deal with an Addicted Spouse</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/alcohol-drug-hotline" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drug and Alcohol Addiction Hotlines</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/with-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Rehab Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/how-to-talk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Talk to an Alcoholic</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adult-addiction-treatment-programs/talk-say-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Talk to Someone About Addiction and Rehab Treatment</a></li>
</ul>
Since substance use disorders affect the entire family—not just the individual with the misuse issue—it’s often helpful to involve the entire family in the treatment process. Available through American Addiction Centers, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/family-therapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">family therapy</a> involves family-level assessments, involvement, and approaches that treat the family unit as a whole.

If you or a loved one has additional questions—or you simply need someone to walk you through the treatment process—American Addiction Centers can help. While AAC offers several <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">treatment facilities across the U.S.</a>, our admissions navigators at [phone] can not only answer questions for those seeking treatment but also provide information and options for those attempting to assist the person with the substance use disorder.

For families facing substance misuse issues, holidays may sometimes elicit added and perhaps uncomfortable emotions. But by facing addiction head on—by either seeking treatment for yourself or encouraging or supporting a loved one’s recovery efforts—you’ll likely be able to bring a bit more peace and positivity to these annual events.
[button url="/treatment-centers" text="View Our Treatment Centers"]
[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2022). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt39443/2021NSDUHFFRRev010323.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a>. (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005, NSDUH Series H-57). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/20230104/samhsa-announces-nsduh-results-detailing-mental-illness-substance-use-levels-2021#:~:text=In%202021%2C%2094%25%20of%20people,not%20think%20they%20needed%20treatment." target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAMHSA Announces National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Results Detailing Mental Illness and Substance Use Levels in 2021</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). <a href="https://www.naabt.org/documents/TIP39.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance use disorder treatment and family therapy. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 39</a>. SAMHSA Publication No. (SMA) 05-4006.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2004). <a href="https://www.naabt.org/documents/TIP39.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance use disorder treatment and family therapy. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 39</a>. SAMHSA Publication No. (SMA) 05-4006.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

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Holidays and Addiction: Family Info and Resources

Whether you’ve been to treatment, you’re contemplating rehab, or your loved one is struggling with substance misuse, the more tools you have in your arsenal the better. Everything from <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inpatient rehab</a> and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/sober-living" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sober living facilities</a> to peer-support groups and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">outpatient care</a> can move you or your loved one another step closer to long-term recovery.

Self-help books are yet another device that can support your efforts. Granted, books certainly can’t replace treatment and professional guidance. But they can provide fresh perspectives and inspiration—and reinforce that you’re not alone.

So here are 10 best-selling and/or award-winning books on addiction and recovery. Along with educational insights on <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/substance-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">substance use disorders</a>, the books provide multiple perspectives from those who have successfully traversed the road to recovery.
<h2>1. High Achiever: The Incredible True Story of One Addict’s Double Life<img class="alignright wp-image-102155" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/High-Achiever-2-1.png" alt="" width="114" height="100" /></h2>
Exploring the thoughts of an addict and a life unraveled by narcotics, this memoir spans the author’s struggles with opioid use disorder, to her time in jail, and ultimately to her recovery. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0593135938?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">High Achiever</a> offers hope and inspiration and a raw and page-turning read.
<h2>2. The Addiction Recovery Workbook: Powerful Skills for Preventing Relapse Every Day</h2>
While not a replacement for professional therapy and treatment, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Addiction-Recovery-Workbook-Powerful-Preventing/dp/1641521171/ref=asc_df_1641521171/?tag=hyprod-20&amp;linkCode=df0&amp;hvadid=266076169372&amp;hvpos=&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=14438536626366330308&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9026805&amp;hvtargid=pla-599303025261&amp;psc=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Addiction Recovery Workbook</a> can help equip you with coping techniques and actionable strategies to succeed in recovery, despite triggers, stressors, and daily challenges.
<h2>3. The Unexpected Joy of Being Sober</h2>
<img class="wp-image-102150 size-thumbnail alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Unexpected-Joy-150x150.png" alt="" width="150" height="150" /><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Unexpected-Joy-Being-Sober-ebook/dp/B073TVX3SX/ref=zg_bs_156548011_sccl_39/138-7309506-2844321?psc=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Unexpected Joy of Being Sober</a> explores the role alcohol plays in our world and insights from top neuroscientists and psychologists about why we drink. Discussing alcohol’s impact on our health and minds, author Catherine Gray illustrates how a sober life can truly be intoxicating.

&nbsp;
<h2>4. Between Breaths: A Memoir of Panic and Addiction<img class="wp-image-102153 size-thumbnail alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Between-Breaths-2-150x150.png" alt="" width="150" height="150" /></h2>
Former “20/20” anchor Elizabeth Vargas shares her story of anxiety and alcohol use disorder in this compelling memoir. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1455559628?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Between Breaths</a> reveals how she lived in denial and secrecy for years before finally entering rehab and a life of sobriety.
<h2>5. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction</h2>
Pairing scientific research with real-life stories of addiction, the author and world-renowned trauma expert provides a holistic explanation of addiction. Offering an easy-to-grasp explanation of the brain and addiction, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/155643880X?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts</a> promotes compassionate self-understanding as a pillar of health and healing.
<h2>6. Recovery: Freedom From Our Addictions</h2>
In <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1250141923?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Recovery: Freedom From Our Addictions</a>, comedian and film star Russell Brand shares his own brand of wisdom accrued via 14 years of recovery. He offers a guide to myriad forms of substance use disorders and addictive behaviors in an attempt to help those struggling find recovery.
<h2>7. The Addiction Recovery Skills Workbook: Changing Addictive Behaviors Using CBT, Mindfulness, and Motivational Interviewing Techniques <img class="wp-image-102144 size-thumbnail alignleft" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Addiction-Recovery-Skills-150x150.png" alt="" width="150" height="150" /></h2>
Employing an integrative, 7-step program for addiction, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1626252785?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Addiction Recovery Skills Workbook</a> helps readers to better understand the roots of their substance misuse issues. A powerful tool when used in conjunction with treatment, the concept pairs motivational techniques, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness strategies.
<h2>8. Blackout: Remembering the Things I Drank to Forget</h2>
Prior to getting sober, memoir author Sarah Hepola often drank until she blacked out. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1455554588?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blackout</a> reveals how sobriety helped her discover the confidence, intimacy, and creativity within her—all of which she previously thought could only be found at the bottom of a bottle.
<h2>9. Beyond Addiction: How Science and Kindness Help People Change<img class="alignright wp-image-102146 size-thumbnail" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Beyond-Addiction-150x150.png" alt="" width="150" height="150" /> </h2>
Authored by addiction professionals, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1476709475?tag=uuid10-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beyond Addiction</a> illustrates how people can use positive reinforcement, behavior strategies, and kindness to help their loved ones achieve sobriety. Pairing insights on treatment options and how to navigate the rehab system, content is designed to not only help someone change but also prompt them to want to change.
<h2>10. Twenty-Four Hours a Day </h2>
First published in 1954, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Twenty-Four-Hours-Day-Meditations-ebook/dp/B00BOE0LM8/ref=zg_bs_156548011_sccl_22/138-7309506-2844321?psc=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twenty-Four Hours a Day</a> is a staple for many people struggling with an alcohol use disorder. It features daily meditations, thoughts, and prayers to aid readers in maintaining sobriety.

&nbsp;

If you or a loved one is struggling with any form of substance use disorder, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> can help. With facilities scattered across the U.S., AAC is a leading provider of evidence-based treatment and mental health services. Reach out to an admissions counselor at [phone] to learn more about treatment and take the first steps toward recovery today.

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Recovery Reading List: 10 Best-Selling and/or Award-Winning Books on Addiction and Recovery

Summer is filled with festivities, including everything from pool parties and barbeques to weddings and beach outings. Often, however, these experiences are accompanied by alcohol. And for anyone in recovery or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">struggling with alcohol misuse</a>, these events can be triggering.

But summer doesn’t have to derail your recovery, nor does it mean you must steer clear of the fun with your family and friends. Here are 8 tips to help you retain your sobriety while also having some hot fun in the summertime.
<h2>1. Plan for a sober summer success. </h2>
That old saying is true: A failure to plan is a plan to fail. So as you approach various summer activities, carefully assess your plans to make sure they don’t negatively affect your recovery. You may want to add or subtract events from your list of activities based on this analysis. Or, you may want to think through which (if any) activities will have alcohol in the mix and strategize ways to ensure your sobriety. Can you bring a sober buddy with you to the event to offer support? Perhaps you can meet with a therapist or attend a 12-step meeting shortly before the soiree. Maybe you can bring a special nonalcoholic beverage to the party to ensure you’re not tempted to imbibe. The idea is to think through what might trigger a relapse and to take steps to avoid or address those triggers before they occur, not after.
<h2>2. Stay vigilant in all aspects of recovery.</h2>
If you think you may be triggered by summer events, make sure your recovery plan is on point in all areas. That is, maintain your healthy eating, exercise, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/staying-present-in-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mindfulness</a>, support groups, therapy, etc. With a complete arsenal of fine-tuned tools, you’ll probably be less likely to relapse due to a single event.
<h2>3. Surround yourself with people who support your sobriety.</h2>
This might mean taking a sober friend to an event to ensure you both stay in recovery.  Or it could mean planning outings for a group of alcohol-free peers. It might also includ ensuring you have therapists and professionals at the ready. The point is to surrond yourself with support all summer long.
<h2>4. Give yourself grace for any past setbacks.</h2>
<h2><img class="size-medium wp-image-48883 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/aac-3-233966926-relaxation-200x300.jpg" alt="Physical and mental relaxation." width="200" height="300" /></h2>
Maintaining recovery from an <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alcohol use disorder</a> is an ongoing process that can include setbacks. So if you’ve relapsed in the past, give yourself some grace as opposed to beating yourself up, as the latter course certainly won’t help your recovery. Rather, chalk up the misstep as part of the process, learn from your experience, and take whatever steps are necessary to ensure you don’t repeat the experience.
<h2>5. Seek professional help and peer support.</h2>
If you know that summer and its myriad activities might be triggering, take some proactive steps by speaking with a counselor, psychologist, and/or peer support regularly. Also note that professionals take vacations too. So consider scheduling therapy sessions in advance to ensure you get the support you need when you need it.
<h2>6. Seek out sober events. </h2>
Sure, alcohol is certainly part of some activities. But plenty of sober events are available as well. For example, some community events actually ban drinking on the premises, and various sober organizations offer festivities of their own. Summer is the perfect time to seek out these options and perhaps forge new friendships and find new support groups to aid you the rest of the year.
<h2>7. Try a new outdoor hobby.<img class="alignleft wp-image-15013" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sober-Summer-Local-Park.jpg" alt="Sober-Summer-Local-Park" width="221" height="153" /> </h2>
Summer is the perfect time to enjoy the outdoors, but you don’t need a family event or community festival to do so. Rather, consider starting a new outdoor hobby yourself, such as hiking, biking, kayaking, gardening, sailing, horseback riding, and on and on.
<h2>8. Plan a sober travel trip. </h2>
Rather than strategizing ways to cope with alcohol-centric events, why not plan an entire trip centered around sober activities, lodging, entertainment, etc.? Google around for sober hotels, resorts, etc., and even entire vacation packages. You'll likely be surprised at how many options are available.

&nbsp;

If you’re struggling with an alcohol use disorder, there are myriad resources to help. Support during an active addiction as well as during sobriety is equally important. <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers">American Addiction Centers (AAC)</a> is a nationwide leader in addiction treatment and provides <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox">medical detox</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/aftercare">aftercare</a> planning, and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">inpatient</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">outpatient</a>, and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/telehealth">telehealth</a> treatment. Reach out to us at [phone] to get the treatment—and/or sobriety support—you need.
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Sober Summer Strategies

<h2>Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders</h2>
Substance use disorders and mental health disorders often occur simultaneously. In fact, there are synonymous terms—<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">co-occurring disorder</a> and dual diagnosis—to describe this very condition, which is relatively common.

According to insights from the <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/20230104/samhsa-announces-nsduh-results-detailing-mental-illness-substance-use-levels-2021#:~:text=Drug%20Use%20and%20Substance%20Use,which%2052.5%20million%20people%20used." target="_blank" rel="noopener">2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)</a>, 46.3 million people aged 12 and older in the U.S. (i.e., 16.5% of the population) had a substance use disorder (SUD) in the past year. The same study revealed that nearly 1 in 4 adults aged 18 and older had a mental illness in the same timeframe. The demographic group with the highest incidence of both an SUD and a mental health disorder was young adults, as 13.5% of those aged 18 to 25 received this dual diagnosis.1

So what exactly is a substance use disorder and what are mental health disorders? <img class="size-medium wp-image-74675 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/shutterstock_313583558-1-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" />

A <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/substance-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance Use Disorder (SUD)</a> is a medical condition defined by the inability to control the use of a particular substance (or substances) despite harmful consequences. When an SUD is severe, you’ll often hear the term used interchangeably with “addiction.”2

Mental disorders comprise several diagnoses including: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), psychotic illness, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and more.3

When these two disorders occur at the same time—regardless of whether one started before the other—people use the terms “dual diagnosis” or “co-occurring disorder” to refer to these co-mingling of conditions.4
<h2>Risk Factors for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders</h2>
Although a mental health disorder doesn’t always directly cause an SUD (and vice versa), it’s possible that one condition can lead to the other. In fact, according to the <a href="https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2017/Understanding-Dual-Diagnosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)</a>, those with a mental illness are more susceptible to an addiction, as substance misuse is twice as prevalent among adults with mental illness.4

NAMI also suggests that substance use can worsen mental health issues, and ongoing substance use can increase the risk of developing mental illness. In addition, the likelihood of substance use increases with the severity of mental illness. NAMI data also reveals that those with a mental illness consume a relatively high proportion of substances. Specifically, they consume more than 50% of opioid prescriptions, 44% of cocaine, and 38% of all alcohol.4

It's difficult to tell which disorder led to the other—and dual diagnosis doesn’t mean that this causality even exists. However, the <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/1155/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders-research-report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> asserts that there are several common risk factors that can contribute to comorbidity between these two disorders:3
<ol>
 	<li>Genetic vulnerabilities. Roughly 40% to 60% of a person’s vulnerability to SUDs can be attributed to genetics. Sometimes genes can act directly, such as when a protein impacts how someone responds to a drug or how long the drug stays in their body. Or, genes can act indirectly by influencing risk-taking behavior, stress response, etc. Thus, research suggests that genetics can contribute to the risk of both SUDs and mental health disorders.</li>
 	<li>Brain region involvement.  The brain circuits that control reward, decision making, impulse control, and emotions can be affected by substances and disrupted by substance use disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders.</li>
 	<li>Environmental influences. Environmental factors, such as chronic stress, trauma, and adverse childhood experiences, are linked to a higher risk for both SUDs and mental illness.</li>
 	<li>Stress. Stress is a well-known risk factor for various mental disorders, and it can be seen as a common neurobiological link between the disease processes of both substance use disorders and mental disorders.</li>
 	<li>Trauma and adverse childhood experiences. Those who have been emotionally or physically traumatized have a considerably higher risk of SUDs. As such, mental disorders such as PTSD are linked to SUDs, as substances may be used as an attempt to reduce anxiety and avoid PTSD consequences.</li>
 	<li>Epigenetic influences. Genetic and environmental factors can interact on the molecular level. To put it simply, environmental factors, such as chronic stress, trauma, and drug exposure, can cause long-lasting changes in gene expression that can affect the functioning of neural circuits. Ultimately, these changes can impact behavior.</li>
</ol>
<h2>Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders</h2>
Experts used to think SUDs and mental health disorders should be treated separately. However, new findings indicate that it’s important to treat both conditions simultaneously in order to achieve long-term recovery. Typically this <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">treatment</a> involves cognitive behavioral therapy strategies to boost coping and interpersonal skills while also using approaches to support functional recovery and motivation.3

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Behavioral therapies</a> used alone or alongside medications are the cornerstones for co-occurring disorder treatment. Strategies that have shown significant promise include:3
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/dialectical-behavioral-therapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).</a></li>
 	<li>Contingency Management (CM) or Motivational Incentives (MI).</li>
 	<li>Exposure Therapy.</li>
 	<li>Integrated Group Therapy (IGT).</li>
 	<li>Assertive Community Treatment (ACT).</li>
 	<li>Therapeutic Communities (TCs).</li>
 	<li>Seeking Safety (SS).</li>
</ul>
If you or someone you love has a substance use disorder or co-occurring disorder, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> can help. With <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inpatient treatment</a> facilities and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">outpatient</a> programs scattered across the country, AAC offers evidenced-based treatment for co-occurring conditions and SUDs. Reach out to one of our confidential admissions navigators at [phone] or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/not-ready-to-talk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">via text</a> to learn more about which treatment options are right for you. Take your first steps toward recovery today.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/20230104/samhsa-announces-nsduh-results-detailing-mental-illness-substance-use-levels-2021#:~:text=Drug%20Use%20and%20Substance%20Use,which%2052.5%20million%20people%20used." target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAMHSA Announces National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Results Detailing Mental Illness and Substance Use Levels in 2021.</a></li>
 	<li>American Psychiatric Association. (2020). <a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Help with Addiction and Substance Use Disorders.</a></li>
 	<li>National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2020). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/1155/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders-research-report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report.</a></li>
 	<li>National Alliance on Mental Illness. Greenstein, Luna. (2017). <a href="https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2017/Understanding-Dual-Diagnosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Understanding Dual Diagnosis</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Substance Misuse and Mental Health Disorders

<h2>Overt Costs of Alcohol </h2>
It’s difficult to keep a running total of how much you spend on each alcoholic drink, particularly because prices vary dramatically. After all, the wine you purchase at a local store and consume at home likely has a radically different price tag than the same bottle you purchased at a fine-dining restaurant.

Nevertheless, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) offers a tool to help you get a handle on just how much you’re spending on alcohol alone. Its <a href="https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/tools/calculators/alcohol-spending-calculator.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcohol Spending Calculator</a> allows you to input the number of days you drink per week, quantity of drinks per day, and average price of a drink to calculate your weekly, monthly, and yearly expenditures.

Let’s say you stay within the recommendations of the <a href="https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dietary Guidelines for Americans</a>, which means one daily drink for women and two for men. Your drink of choice is a 5-ounce glass of wine, and you consume your allotted serving every day. In our scenario, you’re purchasing 25-ounce bottles of wine from the local liquor store at $20 per bottle, so each 5-ounce glass is $4.

Granted, if you’re an avid wine drinker, you might drink more than 5 ounces per glass, have more than one glass some days of the week, and drink pricier wine when you go out to eat. So this is likely a low-end estimate.
<ul>
 	<li>In this example, a one-glass-a-day habit costs you $1,456<img class="wp-image-72923 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/shutterstock_793237669-300x200.jpg" alt="man putting coins in jar after realizing how much money sobriety can save you" width="317" height="211" /> per year.</li>
 	<li>If you have two glasses per day, which is within the dietary guidelines for men, you’re up to $2,912 annually.</li>
 	<li>If you consume a $20 bottle of wine daily, that’s $607 per month, which equates to $7,280 per year.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Hidden Costs of Alcohol Use</h2>
The price of alcohol consumption alone—even within dietary guidelines—is impactful. However, there are several seemingly hidden fees associated with drinking, particularly for heavy drinkers and those with an <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alcohol use disorder</a>. Here’s a brief rundown of some of these related expenses.
<ul>
 	<li>Healthcare. <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/body-effects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The long-term effects of alcohol</a> can potentially damage vital organs in your body and increase the risks of a host of conditions—all of which can require costly medical treatment. Among the systems potentially affected are the brain, pancreas, and liver, as well as the cardiovascular, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. In addition, alcohol use can increase the likelihood of cancers involving the breast, liver, esophagus, head, neck, and more.</li>
 	<li>Criminal justice. If you’re charged with Driving Under the Influence (DUI) or Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), you’ll likely incur significant fees related to everything from bail, attorney fees, and court fines to towing charges, department of motor vehicle (DMV) fees, and traffic school. And you can pretty much guarantee that your vehicle-insurance costs will skyrocket. While myriad variables impact the cost of a DUI, a recent <a href="https://www.forbes.com/advisor/legal/dui/how-much-dui-cost/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Forbes article</a> put this total at roughly $20,000. This staggering figure doesn’t even account for potential accidents in your vehicle, which can result in pricey damage to vehicles, property, and others.</li>
 	<li>Workplace productivity. When you’re hungover, drunk, or even mildly affected by alcohol, your altered state likely affects your workplace productivity. In fact, the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/onlinemedia/infographics/cost-excessive-alcohol-use.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> estimates that the U.S. economy loses $179 billion due to alcohol-related decreases in workplace productivity. Additionally, excessive alcohol use can reduce productivity to the point that it leads to work-related penalties and/or the loss of employment. While job loss and demotions can certainly affect your bottom line, ongoing issues with alcohol can also prevent you from securing new employment, obtaining a promotion, and more.</li>
</ul>
<h2>The Cost of Sobriety and Treatment</h2>
Clearly, then, even moderate alcohol use has significant associated costs, and heavy drinking and alcohol use disorders can seriously impact both your life and your wallet. Thus, cutting back on consumption or completely abstaining may be a good idea for a host of reasons including the financial consequences.

For some people, however, abstaining or reducing consumption is a struggle due to myriad factors. Thus, many people choose to seek treatment to help them make the changes they desire. Once again, however, finances often factor into these decisions.

Since treatment actually costs money, how does sobriety save you in the long run?

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> offers an <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-cost-calculator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online calculator</a> that can help you estimate just how much you can save over the course of your lifetime by <a href="/alcoholism-treatment">seeking alcohol treatment</a> now.

Keep in mind, however, that treatment is often covered by insurance, which means you might not be paying the entire price out of pocket. Plus, even if you don’t have insurance, there are various ways—e.g., sliding fee scales, payment plans, grants, etc.—to assist with payment.

So if you’re ready to take the first steps toward sobriety and you need a little assistance to find and stay on that path, contact our admissions navigators at [phone]. In addition to answering your treatment related questions, they can also help hash out your finances to determine just how much you can save—in terms of physical, emotional, mental, and financial health—by going to treatment.

Financial Cost of Alcohol Use: How Much is Alcohol Use Really Costing You?

Cigna Substance Use Centers of Excellence

<h2>What is a Drug or Alcohol Relapse—and How is It Different from a Lapse?</h2>
A relapse—which is often called a “recurrence” or a “return to substance use”—is simply an instance of substance use that occurs following a significant period of abstinence.1 When someone experiences a relapse, they may return to the same level of use prior to abstinence, or the levels can be higher or lower than previously experienced.

Some people also use the term lapse, which describes a short, perhaps one-time return to substance use during a period of abstinence. An example might be if someone in sobriety experiences a stressful event, consumes several drinks on one night, but then seeks treatment or attends a support group and immediately returns to prolonged abstinence.

While more of a slang term, a freelapse is a lapse that occurs unintentionally. For example, if someone is abstaining from alcohol but they’re accidentally served a beverage that contains alcohol, this might be called a freelapse.
<h2>Is a Drug or Alcohol Relapse a Failure?</h2>
Recovery is a process, and relapse is a common part of this process.1 That is, people often cycle through different stages of recovery, including relapse, before they settle into long-term recovery. So a recurrence of substance use doesn’t mean treatment has failed.

In fact, a relapse can be a learning opportunity. Each time a patient has a setback, they can learn from the experience. In the future, they can apply newfound skills and knowledge to help them cope with their disorder, potentially allowing them to make significant forward progress.1
<h2>Why Do People Relapse, and What Are Some Common Triggers?</h2>
According to insights from the <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/soa.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a>, some of the most common triggers for relapse are contact with substances and stress cues linked to drug use. The latter includes people, places, things, and even moods.2

The <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/tip35_final_508_compliant_-_02252020_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> breaks out some of these recurrence triggers into the following internal and environmental factors.1

Internal Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Relapse
<ul>
 	<li>Ineffective coping responses.</li>
 	<li>Cognitive distortions (i.e., irrational thoughts that often launch states of depression or anxiety).</li>
 	<li>Intense negative or positive feelings.</li>
 	<li>Low self-efficacy (i.e., a person’s belief in their ability to overcome a challenge).</li>
 	<li>Feelings of guilt and shame related to recurrence.</li>
 	<li>Ongoing positive thoughts and feelings associated with drinking or substance use.</li>
</ul>
External Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Relapse
<ul>
 	<li>Social influences (e.g., peers, co-workers, events, etc.).</li>
 	<li>Access to substances.</li>
 	<li>Exposure to cues/triggers for past substance use and/or risk behaviors.</li>
</ul>
Additional triggers that may prompt a relapse include:
<ul>
 	<li>Withdrawal—Some people start using a substance again simply to avoid symptoms of withdrawal. (Note, however, that a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medically managed detox</a> can assist in keeping patients as comfortable as possible throughout the <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments" target="_blank" rel="noopener">withdrawal process</a>.)</li>
 	<li>Poor Self-Care—Poor diet, sleep, and exercise habits can create a slippery slope that ultimately leads to depression, anxiety, stress, and more—all of which can work to trigger a relapse.</li>
 	<li>Overconfidence—Overconfidence in one’s recovery can lead people to place themselves in the wrong place at the wrong time, where some of the aforementioned external factors can result in recurrence.</li>
 	<li>Lack of Ongoing Support—While recovery is certainly possible without the support of friends, family, and/or professionals and sober peers, it’s not as easy. And for some, the lack of support can erode their sobriety.</li>
 	<li>Stress and Interpersonal Issues—High levels of stress and/or conflicts with family and friends can take a toll on a person’s mental health. Paired with poor coping skills, these factors can sometimes lead to recurrence.</li>
 	<li>Pain—Well-meaning physicians often prescribe opiates for pain related to injuries and medical conditions. However, for those with a history of a substance use disorder, it may be difficult to control their use of them.</li>
</ul>
<h2>What Can You Do if You Relapse?</h2>
If you relapse, first remember that relapse can be part of the recovery process; it’s not a failure. Also remind yourself that no relapse is too big to recover from.

Next, take immediate action to regain your sobriety. This typically involves reaching out for help, be it from family, friends, sober peers, support groups, professional treatment programs, etc. The sooner you seek help, the easier it will be for you to regain sobriety and continue the road to recovery.

While some people will return to treatment following a relapse, others may be able to cope with increased outpatient care and/or aftercare programs. Often this post-relapse care will include building the skills to recognize and manage high-risk situations that might trigger a relapse in the future. Plus, it typically involves a relapse management plan, which features positive coping strategies to lessen the impact of a relapse if it were to happen again in the future.1

If you or someone you love has relapsed, contact <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> at [phone] to discuss treatment options and potential next steps. By working with a substance use disorder professional, you can develop a care plan suited to your specific needs and develop the skills to help you stay on the road to recovery.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/tip35_final_508_compliant_-_02252020_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Use Disorder Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol TIP 35</a>.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/soa.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Why Do People Relapse?

<h2>Benefits of Pet Ownership During Recovery</h2>
When it comes to addiction treatment and recovery, pet ownership usually doesn’t make the top-10 list of therapy recommendations. However, based on a host of studies and anecdotal reports about the perks of pet ownership, maybe it should.

Pets—including everything from cats and dogs to lizards and rabbits—can offer a bevy of benefits that are often directly aligned with the needs of those in recovery. For example, along with providing unconditional love and companionship, pets can decrease stress and anxiety, stave off loneliness, improve physical health, aid in socialization, and even foster responsibility, self-efficacy, and self-worth.

Coincidentally, those in recovery can typically use a boost to their self-esteem, a sober friend that’s always there and never judges them, motivation to get off the couch and get moving, a daily routine, a dose of responsibility, and a healthy way to fill the time previously spent misusing substances or hanging out with people likely to trigger this behavior.

So let’s take a look at the benefits of pet ownership—or even pet fostering or pet sitting—along with some factors to consider before you bring home your purrfect companion.
<h2>Pets Provide Unconditional Love and Companionship</h2>
Recovery can sometimes bring on feelings of loneliness and isolation. After all, many people in the early stages of recovery have likely disengaged from old, triggering friends and activities and have begun the hunt for new ones. What’s more, some people struggling with a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/substance-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">substance use disorder</a> may be suffering from low self esteem and experiencing real or imagined judgement from family and friends. <img class="size-medium wp-image-63897 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/shutterstock_423355195-300x200.jpg" alt="Therapy dog comforting owner who is in addiction treatment." width="300" height="200" />

A pet can offer not only companionship to lessen loneliness but also nonjudgmental support and unconditional love for exactly who you are right here and right now. According to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8042315/pdf/fvets-08-630465.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a paper published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science</a>, dogs in particular can contribute to feelings of safety and offer a calming presence. This same paper goes on to explain that pets not only offer a sense of belonging but also seem to sense human emotions and respond accordingly, often acting as supportive companions when we’re at our most vulnerable.1
<h2>Pets Help to Relieve Stress, Ease Depression, and Boost Mental Health </h2>
The presence of both a substance use disorder and a mental health disorder—a pairing known as a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">co-occurring disorder</a>—affects 9.2 million adults in the U.S. and is common among individuals in treatment.2 Thus, many people in recovery likely suffer from mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, etc. This suggests that tactics that facilitate mental health can aid recovery as well.

According to various sources including the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/keeping-pets-and-people-healthy/how.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhealthypets%2Fhealth-benefits%2Findex.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, pets can decrease a host of mental health symptoms and perceptions of threats.1,3,4 Specifically, pets have been linked to decreases in:1,5
<ul>
 	<li>Loneliness.</li>
 	<li>Depression.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety/fear.</li>
 	<li>Agitation.</li>
</ul>
Pets are so adept at relieving stress, in fact, that some colleges now offer therapy dogs to ease the pressure during high-anxiety times on campus (e.g., before and during exams). Aside from warm fuzzies, the strategy breeds purebred results. A recent trial paired typical academic-stress management tactics with therapy-dog interactions. Compared to the use of either strategy alone, the pairing led to significantly higher levels of enjoyment, self-regulation, behavior change, and feelings of usefulness.1

Some studies also suggest that having a dog present during psychotherapies (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy) can help to decrease distress and anxiousness in those who have experienced trauma. What’s more, the physical act of petting an animal seems to have benefits in itself. Tactile interactions such as touching and stroking have been shown to offer a calming response in both animals and humans, likely caused by increased oxytocin levels.1
<h2>Pets Encourage Exercise and Improve Cardiovascular Health</h2>
Granted, not all types of pets will make you move more than you already do. After all, it’s pretty unlikely that a pet gerbil will prompt you to begin a daily walking routine. But pets that require regular outdoor exercise accompanied by their owners (such as dogs, horses, potbellied pigs, and even ferrets and rabbits) can encourage more movement in their pet parents. This added movement, then, generates a host of benefits.

<img class="wp-image-34748 alignleft" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/heart-icon.png" alt="" width="86" height="86" />Chief among them may be cardiovascular advantages. A recent meta-analysis including data from more than 3 million participants revealed that dog ownership was associated with a 31% risk reduction in death due to cardiovascular disease.1 Additionally, sources such as the CDC indicate that regular movement with pets and/or the mere presence of pets in the face of acute mental stressors are associated with:1,3,5 
<ul>
 	<li>Decreased blood pressure and resting heart rate.</li>
 	<li>Lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels.</li>
 	<li>Increased physical activity.</li>
 	<li>Improved survival in those with cardiovascular disease.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Pets Foster Accountability, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Worth</h2>
Owning a pet of any kind is a big responsibility, and it’s nothing to be taken lightly. (See more on that below.) However, the increased accountability associated with pet ownership can also foster improved self-efficacy and self-worth.1,4

Caring for another life can be rewarding in itself. But doing so can also increase your motivation and discipline to stay on track in recovery. In fact, pet-human relationships may provide the motivation to do things that are less desirable, according to at least one study. And fulfilling these responsibilities enhances feelings of self-worth.1

What’s more, anecdotal evidence suggests that in extreme cases, pet ownership may even restore a person’s will to live. That is, in one personal report, a woman’s fear of what would happen to her pet in her absence kept her from following through on her suicidal thoughts.4
<h2>Pets Aid in Socialization </h2>
Socialization is a viable antidote to the loneliness and isolation that often accompany early recovery. Pets can promote socialization in several ways.3

In some cases, pet parents are forced to leave their houses to properly exercise their pets or allow them to relieve themselves outdoors. This, in itself, puts the individual in situations where social interaction is more likely.

However, pets in general and dogs in particular give their humans a leg up, so to speak, when it comes to socialization. Research has shown that dogs facilitate interaction between their humans and others. Observational studies suggest that being accompanied by a dog increases the frequency of social interactions and acknowledgements such as smiles, friendly glances, etc.).1

And regarless of the pet type, pet owners always have at least something in common with each other. This commonality, then, gives strangers something to talk about. Rather than awkward exchanges about the weather, pet owners can chat about boxer drool, cat shenanigans, the best kibble concoctions, local veterinary services, and more.
<h2>Nine Questions to Help Match People to Pets</h2>
Clearly, pet ownership can offer a host of benefits to those in recovery. However, not everyone is ready for the responsibilities of owning a pet—nor well suited for every type of pet or even breed of animal. After all, caring for a well-mannered turtle in your suburban townhouse where you work from home is loads easier than parenting a rescued doodle puppy with separation anxiety while living in an urban high rise and working in an office 60 hours a week.

Matching the person to the pet is paramount. In fact, an improper pairing can actually increase stress, anxiety, depression, and more—which wipes out most of the aforementioned benefits.

So before you get your heart set on a specific type of pet or breed of critter, ask yourself these questions and be utterly honest with your answers. An ill-advised pet purchase can not only add stress to your situation but also negatively affect the health and happiness of your furry, fuzzy, feathered, or scaly companion.
<ol>
 	<li>How big is the pet or how big will it get? Consider your  living conditions and how the pet will fit into them. An aquarium in the corner takes up way less room than a Great Dane, for example.</li>
 	<li>How much exercise does it require? Obviously, some pets need much more exercise than others. But even within the same breed of animal, exercise requirements vary. For example, a young boxer needs way more exercise and mental stimulation than a 10-year-old basset hound. So it’s critical to match your energy level and available time with the exercise requirements of the pet.</li>
 	<li>What age of pet most closely fits my needs? Puppies and kittens are adorable. But they require an incredible amount of work, not to mention oodles of money and patience. Chances are, you’re looking for a companion and a calming force in your life—not a stressful puppy that’s yapping, peeing, and chewing 24/7. In addition to less-active types of pets (e.g., gerbils, turtles, birds, etc.), older animals can be amazing companions. Especially when you obtain an adult pet through rescues with home-based foster programs (where humans get to know the pets considerably better than pets living in a shelter), you should be able to ascertain basic personality traits, common behaviors, and health issues before you ever bring the pet home with you. Point is, older and calmer pets can be just as if not more beneficial than younger and more active options.</li>
 	<li>How long will it live? Some animals such as parrots can easily live 50 years, while others such as guinea pigs are a 4- or 5-year commitment. Are you looking for a lifelong companion for decades to come? Or do you foresee your own situation changing to the point that a decades-long commitment isn’t feasible?</li>
 	<li>Does my home provide an environment suitable for this pet? Certainly, you need to determine if your apartment complex, city, homeowners’ association, etc. will allow you to have this type, size, and breed of pet. But you also need to consider whether the conditions of your home are suitable as well. For example, if you live in an apartment, you likely don’t want an animal that will make a lot of noise and disturb other residents. Or, if you have a high-energy dog, you may want a fenced yard that’ll make it easier for you to play with your pup and burn off some energy.</li>
 	<li>How much can I afford to pay for veterinary services, food, pet insurance, pet supplies, boarding, and more? Caring for some pets will cost a whole lot more than others. But it’s important to budget out just how much you can expect to pay to care for your companion to ensure this particular pet is financially feasible for your current and future situation.</li>
 	<li>How much time do you have? In addition to caring for your pet (which includes feeding, training, exercising, health care, and more), you need to have enough time available to provide the pet with the appropriate amount of emotional care and attention it needs to thrive. You don’t want to buy a cat, for example, and then leave it locked in a spare room for the majority of its life simply because you’re too busy to interact with it.</li>
 	<li>How will this pet impact other residents of your home? If you don’t live alone, it’s important to consider how other members of the household—kids, parents, seniors, etc.—will feel about and be affected by the new addition.</li>
 	<li>How much pet-ownership experience do you have? If you’ve never skied before, you probably want to start on the bunny hill instead of the double black diamond slope. Similarly, if you’ve never owned a dog before, for example, you might want to start with a middle-aged, fully trained golden retriever rather than a special needs Siberian Huskey puppy with behavioral issues. Obviously, this applies to all sorts of pets aside from dogs. The point is to simply match your knowledge and experience to the pet’s perceived level of difficulty, so to speak.</li>
</ol>
No matter now many benefits a pet can provide, you may not be ready—financially, emotionally, physically, or otherwise—to take on the responsibilities right now. And that’s OK. It’s far better to realize that now is not the time to take on a pet than to upend your life and that of a pet only to have to find it a new home a few months, weeks, or days down the road.

Also note that if you want to reap some of the aforementioned pet benefits without the long-term commitment, there are opportunities to work with and/or help animals temporarily or sporadically. Most animal shelters are always looking for volunteers to care for and/or simply interact with animals under their care. You can search for both pets and animal welfare groups sorted by location at <a href="https://www.petfinder.com/animal-shelters-and-rescues/search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PetFinder.com</a>.

Another option is to foster with local rescues, as it allows you to provide temporary care for a pet until it finds its forever home. Additionally, rescues often need temporary fosters, which are people who take over pet care while foster home families go on vacation, attend healthcare visits, and more.

Pet ownership is a big commitment, and matching the needs of the pet to your availability, finances, personality, and more is critical. But when people and pets are properly paired, pet ownerships can offer a host of benefits to those in recovery.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Gee NR, Rodriguez KE, Fine AH, Trammell JP. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8042315/pdf/fvets-08-630465.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dogs Supporting Human Health and Well-Being: A Biopsychosocial Approach</a>. Front Vet Sci. 2021 Mar 30;8:630465. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630465. PMID: 33860004; PMCID: PMC8042315.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/medications-substance-use-disorders/medications-counseling-related-conditions/co-occurring-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Co-Occurring Disorders and Other Health Conditions.</a></li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/keeping-pets-and-people-healthy/how.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Stay Healthy Around Pets and Other Animals</a>.</li>
 	<li>Wisdom JP, Saedi GA, Green CA. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854030/pdf/nihms-185682.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Another breed of "service" animals: STARS study findings about pet ownership and recovery from serious mental illness</a>. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2009 Jul;79(3):430-6. doi: 10.1037/a0016812. PMID: 19839680; PMCID: PMC2854030.</li>
 	<li>Cherniack EP, Cherniack AR. (2014). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248608/pdf/CGGR2014-623203.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The benefit of pets and animal-assisted therapy to the health of older individuals</a>. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2014;2014:623203. doi: 10.1155/2014/623203. Epub 2014 Nov 16. PMID: 25477957; PMCID: PMC4248608.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

&nbsp;

How Pets Can Assist in Recovery

<h2>Why is it Important to Have Fun in Recovery?</h2>
Simply put, fun is a form of self-care that can ultimately help you avoid relapse. But let’s dig a little deeper to better understand what this means.

Relapse happens over time and in various stages. That is, you typically don’t just wake up one day and relapse without having first experienced some early warning signs. In fact, according to an <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553654/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">article in the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine</a> by Steven Melemis, relapse often has several stages, the first of which involves what some call an emotional relapse.1

During this phase, people aren’t actively thinking about using yet. However, their behaviors and emotions are leading them in that direction. They’re often exhibiting poor eating and sleeping habits, bottling up emotions, isolating, missing meetings or attending without participating, etc.1 Without some changes, those in the first stage of relapse can progress to the next one.

The good news, however, is that poor self-care is often the root cause of this stage. Understanding exactly what self-care is and taking firm steps to improve it can help maintain sobriety.1

So what is self-care?

It’s not just manis, pedis, and deep-tissue massage. Sure, self-care includes physical aspects, but it’s also about psychological and emotional care. Generally speaking, self-care involves making time for yourself, giving yourself some grace and kindness, and ensuring that you have some fun along the way. Clearly, then, fun and sobriety go hand in hand.
<h2>What Makes Something Fun?</h2>
Everyone has a different idea of what constitutes fun. And those ideas change over time and throughout the various phases of people’s lives. Thus,  fun is incredibly subjective.

Where those in recovery can sometimes get into trouble is when their perception of fun gets a little distorted. The aforementioned Melemis article points out that particularly when those in recovery are under stress, they often glamorize their previous experience with substance misuse and downplay the negative consequences that led them to treatment and recovery in the first place. Thinking about their addiction almost longingly, they sometimes see the past as fun and recovery as hard work.1

In reality, addiction is grueling—and recovery can be filled with fun and enjoyment. It’s all a matter of not only seeking out new activities but also being willing to change your perspective on what fun entails.

Also keep in mind, you get what you expect. According to Melemis, if people expect to have fun, they typically do. If they expect to have a terrible time, they typically do that as well.1 So in addition to being open to trying some new activities, it’s helpful to think positively about them and assume you’re going to have a great time. Chances are, you'll have a blast if you believe you will.
<h2>10 Ways to Have Fun in Sobriety</h2>
Since fun is subjective, it’s important to seek out activities that seem right for you, rather than the masses. So take some time to think about what fun means to you and what activities might fit the bill. Here are some questions to facilitate this process:
<ul>
 	<li>What activities did you enjoy as a kid that you might want to try again or adapt to your adult life?</li>
 	<li>What have you tried in the past that you maybe didn’t like initially but that you might want to try again? Chances are, you’re not the same person you were 5 years—or maybe even 5 months—ago. What you hated then might be outrageously fun today.</li>
 	<li>What have you always wanted to try but never had the courage to attempt? Now might be the time.</li>
 	<li>What do other people in sobriety do for fun? To find some answers, ask your peers during meetings, consult a counselor, or look for sober-centric local activities online.</li>
</ul>
As you consider new ways to integrate fun into your life, really lean in to those that fall under the pillars of self-care. That is, if you can meet your physical, psychological, and emotional needs while having fun at the same time, you’re winning big time.

To help you brainstorm for fun activities, here are 10 broad activity groups with a host of ideas for each.
<ol>
 	<li>Exercise. There are countless ways to get some exercise and have fun at the same time, including everything from sports teams and rec leagues to dance classes and gardening. Consider whether you want to do something solo or if you prefer team, group, or small group activities with your sober peers. Pro Tip: Exercising outside can help you connect with nature, which can offer <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/3-day-effect-nature-can-aid-your-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a host of additional mental and physical benefits</a>.</li>
 	<li>Travel. Exploring the world or even your own city or state parks can provide fresh perspective and the thrill of adventure. If travel is your thing, Google sober travel to find a companies or organizations that offer alcohol-free vacations, sober-travel groups, outdoor adventures for those in recovery, etc. You’ll also find some hotels and resorts that cater to sober travelers.</li>
 	<li>Find a furry friend. Could you use unconditional love from a friend that never judges you? Would you like to decrease depression, improve your accountability, and increase your physical activity? Then a pet may be the purrfect fit. Whether you purchase a pet, foster one, or simply volunteer at a shelter or with a local rescue organization, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/pets-can-assist-in-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pets can offer key benefits to those in recovery</a>—not to mention a high fun factor.</li>
 	<li>Read. Whether you’re into self-help or romance novels, sci-fi or biographies, reading can transport you out of the daily grind and into a whole new world. Pro Tip: Consider adding these <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/recovery-reading-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10 best-selling and/or award-wining books on addiction and recovery</a> to your reading list.</li>
 	<li>Get involved. “Involvement” includes everything from volunteering (with kids, construction/cleanup projects, seniors, etc.) to participating in local groups (e.g., bands/orchestras, government organizations, rec leagues, sports groups, etc.). Explore local ways to get involved and have fun  at the same time.</li>
 	<li>Cook. Healthy eating is paramount to healthy living. And cooking, as well as its related activities, can be fun. Consider shopping at farmers markets for incredible produce, couponing, scouring the web for recipes, taking a cooking class, hosting a sober dinner party, and more.</li>
 	<li>Be mindful. Many people in recovery understand the power of mindfulness and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/staying-present-in-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">staying present in recovery</a>. But you don’t need to sit on a yoga mat in your closet to practice it. Consider other environments, styles, classes, etc., such as mindfulness retreats, outdoor meditation, yoga classes, stand up paddleboard (SUP) yoga, walking meditation, goat yoga, and more.</li>
 	<li>Listen. The possibilities here are endless. You can listen to: podcasts, music, audiobooks, TED talks, language learning apps, nature, guided meditations, standup comedy albums, live concert recordings, radio/online dramas, etc.</li>
 	<li>Get outside. Sometimes just going outside to look at the world around you can be fun. But you can also camp, hike, walk barefoot in the grass, plant a garden, fish, ride a bike, picnic, play frisbee golf, swim, host a BBQ, play cornhole, build a bonfire, bird watch, photograph nature, stargaze, canoe, build a sandcastle, ride horses, visit an amusement park, watch the sunrise or sunset, drive through the countryside, etc.</li>
 	<li>Express your emotions. As we learned earlier, bottling up emotions is a sign of emotional relapse. So look for fun activities to express them instead, such as journaling, painting, drawing, dancing, playing an instrument, singing, writing poetry, and more.</li>
</ol>
These 10 broad categories should spark some ideas for how you can redefine fun in recovery. The next step is to actually try some of them—and to think positively and remain open-minded in the process. Who knows? The search for fun may be a fun activity in itself.

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Melemis SM. . Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(3):325-332. Published 2015 Sep 3.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Redefining Fun in Recovery

Benzodiazepine Addiction: Signs, Effects, and Treatment

Ritalin Addiction: Signs, Effects, and Treatment

Valium Misuse and Addiction: Signs, Overdose & Treatment

[content-overview]Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant and a Schedule II drug that’s widely used in the U.S. and elsewhere.1 In fact, according to the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, more than 4.8 million people aged 12 and older used cocaine in the past year, with 996,000 of those people using crack, a form of cocaine.2[/content-overview]

Cocaine is typically used in two forms—powdered (aka cocaine hydrochloride), which is often snorted, and solid or “rock” form (aka crack and freebase), which is typically smoked.3 Regardless of its form, cocaine has both short-term effects and consequences of long-term use, as it can impact a person’s health and lead to overdose, tolerance, dependence, and addiction.1

This page provides a deep dive into the various short-term effects and potential long-term health risks of cocaine use. Plus, it offers treatment options if you or a loved one is struggling with cocaine use.
<h2>Short-Term Effects of Cocaine </h2>
So how does <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cocaine </a>produce its high and why is it so addictive? Dopamine is related to the control of movement and reward, and cocaine increases the activity of dopamine in the brain. It also enhances the activity of norepinephrine, which serves multiple brain functions, including arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory, and stress response.4

As a result, even relatively small doses lead to feelings of euphoria, mental alertness, and increased energy, along with hypersensitivity to touch, sound, and sight.1 Cocaine’s impact on dopamine can also reinforce drug-taking behavior.1,4

After a single dose, cocaine effects occur almost immediately and disappear quickly, anywhere from a few minutes to an hour depending on the dose and the way it was taken.1 Cocaine constricts the blood vessels, dilates the pupils, and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. In addition to the high (i.e., euphoria) commonly associated with cocaine, it also makes a person more energetic and alert.1,4

Additional short-term effects of cocaine can include:1,4
<ul>
 	<li>Restlessness/irritability.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety/paranoia.</li>
 	<li>Tremors/muscle twitches.</li>
 	<li>Vertigo.</li>
</ul>
Other potential short-term effects include panic attacks, psychosis, heart-rhythm disturbances, and violent, erratic, and bizarre behavior. Some of the aforementioned effects are more likely to occur as a result of sensitization or at higher doses, as a person tries to intensify their high. However, certain cardiovascular effects can also occur with somewhat isolated use. That is, any amount of cocaine taken at any time has the potential to cause sudden death via a stroke, heart attack, seizure, etc.1
<h2> Cocaine Effects Related to the Cardiovascular System</h2>
Cocaine use can also impact the cardiovascular system, leading to both chronic and acute conditions.5 Through a variety of mechanisms, cocaine use can increase the risk of conditions such as:5,6
<ul>
 	<li>Acute hypertension and coronary spasm.</li>
 	<li>Arrhythmia.</li>
 	<li>Aortic dissection.</li>
 	<li>Endocarditis.</li>
 	<li>Heart attack.</li>
 	<li>Cardiomyopathy.</li>
 	<li>Atherosclerosis.</li>
 	<li>Coronary artery disease.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Effects and Risks of Long-Term Cocaine Use</h2>
When a person continues to use cocaine over time, the brain eventually adapts to the presence of the drug. Ultimately, tolerance can develop, which means the person needs higher and more frequent doses to achieve the same effects.1 Furthermore, cocaine has a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence as well as significant withdrawal symptoms (e.g., depression, fatigue, slowed thinking, increased appetite, unpleasant dreams, and insomnia).4,5

Additionally, long-term cocaine use can increase the risk of the following conditions, among others:1,7,8
<ul>
 	<li>Appetite and nutrition changes, malnutrition.</li>
 	<li>Gastrointestinal issues (e.g., ulcers and tears caused by reduced blood flow).</li>
 	<li>Liver and kidney damage.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Cocaine Use During Pregnancy</h2>
<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/dangers-pregnancy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine use</a> can also lead to the following conditions in pregnant women:1
<ul>
 	<li>Migraines.</li>
 	<li>Premature membrane rupture.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
 	<li>Separation of the placental lining of the uterus prior to delivery.</li>
 	<li>High blood pressure.</li>
 	<li>Preterm labor.</li>
 	<li>Difficult delivery.</li>
 	<li>Hypertensive crises.</li>
 	<li>Spontaneous miscarriage.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;

[callout-borders]
<h2>Route of Exposure and Associated Health Risks</h2>
<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/smoking-snorting-injecting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The way in which a person uses cocaine</a> is also associated with short- and long-term health risks.
<ul>
 	<li>Snorting. Among people who snort cocaine, more than half have some type of complication such as intranasal crusting, chronic sinusitis, and/or recurrent nosebleeds.9 Other snorting-related conditions include loss of smell and problems swallowing.4 Snorting cocaine can also result in lung injury and barotrauma, which is physical damage to body tissues caused by a pressure-related change in body compartment gas volume (such as the pressure inside the lung vs. the surrounding fluid). There are several cases where snorting cocaine has led to pneumothorax (i.e., a collapsed lung), emphysema, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332083/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pneumomediastinum</a> (which is air in the chest between the lungs and around the heart).10</li>
 	<li>Oral Ingestion. Using cocaine orally can lead to mouth sores. And while not necessarily tied to oral ingestion, dental treatment may be complicated by the use of cocaine. After recent cocaine use, cocaine can interact with dental anesthesia and can result in increased blood pressure.9</li>
 	<li>Smoking. Smoking crack cocaine may worsen asthma and lead to chronic cough, respiratory distress, and an increased risk of pneumonia and other infections.4 Additionally, it can lead to an acute pulmonary complication known as crack lung, which includes symptoms such as fever, cough, difficult or labored breathing, or hemoptysis (i.e., coughing up blood from the lower respiratory tract), which may progress to respiratory failure.11 Smoking crack can also lead to thermal airway injuries, as well as lung injury, pulmonary edema, and barotrauma (i.e., injury caused by changes in air or water pressure) caused by spasmodic or violent coughing after smoke inhalation.12,13</li>
 	<li>Injecting. Intravenous cocaine use is related to a host of complications that include skin or soft-tissue infections, scarring or collapsed veins, and a higher risk of blood-borne infections such as HIV and hepatitis.4[/callout-borders]</li>
</ul>
<h2>Treatment for Cocaine Misuse and Addiction</h2>
Cocaine’s effects can be serious—not to mention scary. However, if you or someone you love is struggling with cocaine addiction, you’re not alone. Plus, treatment, which comprises a variety of formats and therapies to fit your unique needs, is available.

Depending on several individual variables and the severity of the stimulant use disorder, treatment can include one or more levels of care. But often, people begin treatment for cocaine addiction with <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">detox and withdrawal management</a>.14

However, completing detox is just the first step in the road to recovery. After detox, it’s important to seek ongoing <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inpatient</a> and/or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">outpatient</a> treatment, both of which offer behavioral interventions to help conquer addiction.15 <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> provides a host of treatment programs, including everything from intensive outpatient programs and inpatient medical detox to one-on-one counseling and aftercare programs.

If you or your loved one is struggling with cocaine misuse or addiction, contact our [tooltip text="Admissions navigators are real people, some of whom are in recovery themselves, who are eager to talk with you 24 /7 and to help you or your loved one find treatment. They listen to and truly hear your story. Then they help guide you through the admissions process, including exploring insurance options and payment plans, and answering any questions you have about treatment."]admissions navigators[/tooltip] [phone] who can not only help you identify a facility that best fits your needs but also answer any questions you have about treatment.
[button url="/treatment-centers" text="View Our Treatment Centers"]
&nbsp;

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/1141/cocaine-research-report.pdf?v=3f3fb3f0903dfa8879388c2a5d086cb9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine research report</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf">Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a>. (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.</li>
 	<li>Roque Bravo, R., Faria, A. C., Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Carmo, H., Mladěnka, P., Dias da Silva, D., Remião, F., &amp; On Behalf Of The Oemonom Researchers (2022). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9032145/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine: An Updated Overview on Chemistry, Detection, Biokinetics, and Pharmacotoxicological Aspects including Abuse Pattern</a>. Toxins, 14(4), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040278</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/929/cocaine-drugfacts.pdf?v=c0ae284443bef07918e23e561e82abfd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine drugfacts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Kim, S. T., &amp; Park, T. (2019). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6387265/pdf/ijms-20-00584.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on cardiovascular health</a>. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(3), 584.</li>
 	<li>Schwartz, B. G., Rezkalla, S., &amp; Kloner, R. A. (2010). <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cardiovascular effects of cocaine</a>. Circulation, 122(24), 2558–2569.</li>
 	<li>Van der Woude, F.J. (2000, March). <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/15/3/299/1805246?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine use and kidney damage</a>, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 15(3), 299–301.</li>
 	<li>National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2012). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LiverTox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury</a></li>
 	<li>Brand, H., Gonggrijp, S. &amp; Blanksma, C. (2008). <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2008.244" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine and oral health</a>. British Dental Journal, 204, 365–369.</li>
 	<li>Kloss, B. T., Broton, C. E., &amp; Rodriguez, E. (2010). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047855/pdf/12245_2010_Article_205.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pneumomediastinum from nasal insufflation of cocaine</a>. International journal of emergency medicine, 3(4), 435–437.</li>
 	<li>Dolapsakis, C., &amp; Katsandri, A. (2019). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6625241/pdf/LI-36-370.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crack lung: A case of acute pulmonary cocaine toxicity</a>. Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society, 36(4), 370–371.</li>
 	<li>Meisels I.S., Loke J. (1993<a href="https://www.ccjm.org/content/ccjom/60/4/325.full.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">). The Pulmonary Effects of Free-Base Cocaine: A Review</a>. Cleveland Clinic Journal Of Medicine, Jul 1993, 60 (4) 325-329.</li>
 	<li>Bontempo, L. J., Magidson, P. D., Hayes, B. D., &amp; Martinez, J. P. (2017). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7517974/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Acute Pulmonary Injury after Inhalation of Free-Base Cocaine: A Case Report</a>. Journal of acute medicine, 7(2), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.6705/j.jacme.2017.0702.007</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research based guide (Third Edition)</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol</a> (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2015.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

[link-bank title="You Might Also Be Interested In"]
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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders/dual-diagnosis-rehab">Dual Diagnosis Rehab Centers</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/state-funded">State Funded Rehab Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/involuntary-rehab-forced">Can I Force Someone Into Rehab?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/couples">Rehab for Couples</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/free">Free Rehab Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/overdose-symptoms-and-dangers">Signs of Cocaine Overdose</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/is-it-physically-addictive">How Addictive is Cocaine?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/effects-on-the-brain">Effects of Cocaine on the Brain</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/differences-with-crack">What is Crack Cocaine?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/crack-cocaine-drug-hotline">Cocaine Addiction Hotline</a></li>
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[/link-bank]

Short and Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Use and Addiction

[content-overview]

Often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the sleep disorder narcolepsy, Adderall is a prescription amphetamine that can help stimulate improvements in cognition and psychological functioning.1,2 That said, Adderall is extensively abused and has a host of adverse and potential long-term effects.1,3

[/content-overview]

Learn more about Adderall’s impact via this deep dive into Adderall’s myriad effects and the dangers associated with its use.
<h2>What is Adderall?</h2>
Adderall is a potent amphetamine, which is a type of <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/stimulant-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stimulant</a> that arouses the body’s central nervous system (CNS) into a more wakeful or active state.4 For those with ADHD, a condition with hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms, Adderall can have the opposite effects. That is, instead of increasingly stimulating patients, Adderall paradoxically allows people with ADHD to become more functional.2

However, as with most <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/prescription-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">prescription drugs</a>, Adderall is intended for use for specific conditions and can cause undesirable or dangerous effects when misused.5 In fact, given to its high potential for misuse, Adderall is classified as a Schedule II drug.6 

Nevertheless, Adderall is sometimes misused by students, athletes, and those who desire an increase in focus, endurance, or productivity.3 In fact, in 2020, 5.1 million people aged 12 or older misused prescription stimulants such as Adderall.7 Those who misuse Adderall and other amphetamines may develop tolerance and dependence, and they may suffer from its many other short- and long-lasting effects.1
<h2>Adverse Effects of Adderall</h2>
Adderall and other <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/amphetamine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">amphetamines</a> can generate physiological effects such as:3
<ul>
 	<li>Increased physical energy.</li>
 	<li>Improved mental aptitude.</li>
 	<li>Hyperexcitability.</li>
 	<li>Mood elevation.</li>
</ul>
However, Adderall also can lead to a variety of dose-dependent effects.3 Some of the more common adverse effects include:3

[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li>Restlessness.</li>
 	<li>Difficulty falling asleep/interrupted sleep.</li>
 	<li>Headaches.</li>
 	<li>Dizziness.</li>
 	<li>Visual changes.</li>
 	<li>Alteration in sexual performance or desire.</li>
 	<li>Constipation, diarrhea.</li>
 	<li>Nausea, vomiting.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li>Paranoia.</li>
 	<li>Exacerbation of existing mental illnesses.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]

While severe adverse drug reactions are less common, some people may also experience the following:3
<ul>
 	<li>Excessive body temperature.</li>
 	<li>Heart attack.</li>
 	<li>Stroke.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Long-Term Effects of Adderall</h2>
Though Adderall use can help a person attain impressive mental or physical achievements, prolonged use or short-term, high-dose usage can result in a deterioration of cognition or physicality due to its many side effects.3

Chronic central nervous system stimulation from Adderall use can cause potentially long-term effects, including the following:8
<ul>
 	<li>Damage to nerve cells.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
 	<li>Psychosis.</li>
 	<li>Stroke.</li>
 	<li>Abnormal heart rhythms.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Adderall Interactions and Long-Term Effects</h2>
Whenever you take two or more drugs within a short period of time, this is considered polysubstance use. Particularly when it comes to stimulants such as Adderall, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/polysubstance-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">polysubstance use</a> can be dangerous.9

According to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/polysubstance-use/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a> effects of a drug can be particularly insidious when stimulants such as Adderall are combined with central nervous system depressants (such as <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alcohol</a> or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/opiates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">opioids</a>). Often, rather than negating the effects of each other, one drug may modify or hide the other drug’s effects without your knowledge. Once the drug’s effects are masked, it’s easier to overdose because your symptoms give you no indication of how much of the drug you’ve taken.9

Mixing two or more stimulants (e.g., Adderall, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methamphetamines</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/ecstasy-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ecstasy</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/signs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cocaine</a>, etc.) can also increase your risk of overdose, as the effects may be compounded.9 Combining stimulants may increase your risk of:9 
<ul>
 	<li>Serious brain injury.</li>
 	<li>Damage to the liver.</li>
 	<li>Heart attack.</li>
 	<li>Stroke.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Adderall Overdose</h2>
The toxic side effects of Adderall are rare and minimal in therapeutic doses, but when Adderall is taken at high doses, overdose and severe liver damage can occur.2,5

Signs and symptoms of acute amphetamine intoxication can include:8

[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li>Dry mouth.</li>
 	<li>High temperature.</li>
 	<li>Pupil dilation.</li>
 	<li>Rapid breathing.</li>
 	<li>Heightened energy and attention.</li>
 	<li>Chest pain.</li>
 	<li>Racing heart.</li>
 	<li>Confusion or disorientation.</li>
 	<li>Hyperactivity.</li>
 	<li>Psychotic symptoms.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]

[callout position="right"]
<h3>Immediate Actions for Adderall Overdose</h3>
If you think someone is having an overdose from Adderall or any other drug:10
<ul>
 	<li>Call 911 immediately.</li>
 	<li>Try to keep the person awake and breathing.</li>
 	<li>Turn the person on their side to prevent choking.</li>
 	<li>Stay with the person until help arrives.</li>
</ul>
[/callout]

In the case of an <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adderall/overdose" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall overdose</a>, the aforementioned signs and symptoms of acute intoxication may be present along with the following:5,8
<ul>
 	<li>Life-threateningly high blood pressure.</li>
 	<li>Rapid heart rate with an abnormal rhythm.</li>
 	<li>Stroke.</li>
 	<li>Aggression or assaultive behavior.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li>Panic.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/rhabdo/default.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rhabdomyolysis</a> (a potentially fatal or disabling condition).</li>
 	<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865832/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Serotonin syndrome</a> (a potentially life-threatening drug reaction).</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
 	<li>Coma.</li>
 	<li>Death.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Treatment for Adderall Addiction</h2>
Due to the way Adderall interacts with the brain, prolonged use can potentially lead to addiction.3 However, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/disease-of-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drug addiction is a disease</a> that can be treated via detox, counseling, behavioral therapy, and more.11

Depending on how often, how much, and by what method a person consumes Adderall, stimulant use disorder for amphetamines can develop as quickly as one week after the first exposure. 12 

[quote]Considering its high potential for addiction and dangerous short- and long-lasting side effects, it is important to <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adderall/how-to-quit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">seek treatment for Adderall addiction</a> as soon as possible.[/quote]

If you or a loved one are experiencing <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adderall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall addiction</a>, a professional diagnosis and treatment can help. Treatment typically provides both symptomatic assistance and therapeutic support during detox and regarding withdrawal symptoms. According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), people undergoing withdrawal from amphetamines may experience dysphoria or severe depression, which can be treated in a professional treatment setting.12

Since there are no approved medications to assist with stimulant withdrawal directly, current treatment during withdrawal includes:13
<ul>
 	<li>Providing a safe environment to monitor for dangerous medical conditions that can arise.</li>
 	<li>Beginning behavioral therapy for addiction treatment after physical stabilization.</li>
</ul>
Treatment for Adderall addiction is likely to include various behavioral therapies that can help:14
<ul>
 	<li>Change a person’s outlook and behaviors related to drug use.</li>
 	<li>Increase life skills that promote health.</li>
 	<li>Continue with other necessary forms of treatment or life changes.</li>
</ul>
Therapy can be administered in multiple settings.
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">Inpatient treatment</a> programs that offer 24/7 care may be appropriate in the beginning of recovery for people with severe problems.14</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">Outpatient treatment</a> programs come in a wide variety of intensity and scheduling depending on a person’s recovery needs.14</li>
</ul>
Located throughout the United States, American Addiction Centers’ accredited facilities offer treatment for Adderall addiction, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/polysubstance-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">polysubstance addiction</a>, and other <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener">co-occurring mental health disorders</a>. Contact our Admissions Navigators to learn more about treatment options and facilities near you.
[button url="/treatment-centers" text="View Our Treatment Centers"]
[phone]Call Us Today![/phone] 
[sources]

Sources
<ol>
 	<li><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f22635fe-821d-4cde-aa12-419f8b53db81" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DailyMed - Adderall.</a> (2022 February 27). U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health.</li>
 	<li>Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2012). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LiverTox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury</a>.</li>
 	<li>Kerna, N.A., Flores, J.V., Holets, H.M., Nwokorie, U., Pruitt, K.D., Solomon, E., &amp; Kadivi, K. (2020, November 30). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346784016_Adderall_On_the_Razor's_Edge_of_ADHD_Treatment_Enhanced_Academic_and_Physical_Performance_Addiction_Psychosis_and_Death" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall: on the razor’s edge of ADHD treatment, enhanced academic and physical performance, addiction, psychosis, and death</a>. EC Psychology and Psychiatry.</li>
 	<li>Siefried, K.J., Acheson, L.S., Lintzeris, N., &amp; Ezard, N. (2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125061/pdf/40263_2020_Article_711.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine/amphetamine dependence: a systematic review</a>. CNS Drugs. 34, 337-365.</li>
 	<li>Food and Drug Administration. (2007, March). <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/011522s040lbl.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall (CII).</a></li>
 	<li>Drug Enforcement Administration. (2020). <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/Drugs%20of%20Abuse%202020-Web%20Version-508%20compliant-4-24-20_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A DEA resource guide: drugs of abuse.</a></li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2021). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a>. (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD.</li>
 	<li>Vasan, S. &amp; Olango, G.J. (2022). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470276/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amphetamine toxicity</a>. StatPearls Publishing.</li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/polysubstance-use/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polysubstance use facts</a></li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, September 7). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/naloxone/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lifesaving naloxone</a>.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011, October). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/rxreportfinalprint.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription drug abuse.</a></li>
 	<li>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition).</li>
 	<li>Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. (2006). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series, no. 45</a>. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019, January 17). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment approaches for drug addiction DrugFacts</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders/dual-diagnosis-rehab">Dual Diagnosis Rehab Centers</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/state-funded">State Funded Rehab Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/alcohol-drug-hotline">Drug Abuse Hotlines</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/free">Free Rehab Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage">Does Insurance Cover Rehab Costs?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/residential">Long Term Rehab Centers</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/30-day-rehab-program">30 Day Rehab Centers</a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]

 

&nbsp;

Adderall Effects, Risks, and Dangers: Short and Long Term

Adderall Addiction: Signs, Effects, and Treatment

<h2>Where Can You Find Addiction Treatment in Tennessee?</h2>
Treatment centers in Tennessee are often located near large cities and greater metropolitan areas such as Chattanooga, Clarksville, Cleveland, Jackson, Knoxville, Nashville, Memphis, Morristown, and the Tri-Cities of Kingsport, Bristol, and Johnson City.1 However, based on data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, rehabs in Tennessee are scattered across the state. In fact, FindTreatment.gov identifies 273 substance use treatment facilities in Tennessee.2

Similar to most other states, rehab centers in Tennessee vary to address a host of needs—including <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">detox</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">outpatient treatment</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inpatient</a>, and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/aftercare" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aftercare programs</a>—as well as the unique requirements of specific populations. Plus, many facilities offer multiple programs and services, such as detox paired with inpatient rehab.

To give you some perspective on the types of facilities available, here's a snapshot regarding the number of various Tennessee-based treatment facilities:2
<ul>
 	<li>13 inpatient hospitals and facilities.</li>
 	<li>241 outpatient treatment programs.</li>
 	<li>62 residential facilities.</li>
 	<li>12 hospital programs with inpatient detox.</li>
 	<li>13 facilities with outpatient detox.</li>
</ul>
<h2>How Much Does It Cost to Go to Rehab in Tennessee?</h2>
The cost of alcohol and drug rehabs in Tennessee vary according to several factors, such as your insurance coverage (or lack thereof), the level of care provided, the facility, and more. The best way to identify your unique costs is to verify your insurance. [vob]

When considering the cost of treatment, remember that the price of untreated addiction can include impaired job performance, family issues, health impacts, and more. So while your health and well-being aren't monetary factors, treatment can actually save you money—and dramatically improve aspects of your life. Plus, while many insurance plans cover treatment, there are several ways to pay for rehab in Tennessee even if you don’t have insurance.

Reach out to the knowledgeable and caring admissions navigators at <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers (AAC)</a> via [phone]. They can walk you through <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/payment-options" target="_blank" rel="noopener">payment options</a>, treatment choices, and insurance verification.
<h2>Does Insurance Pay for Rehab in Tennessee?</h2>
<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insurance coverage for substance use treatment</a> varies by plan. However, the <a href="https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Other-Insurance-Protections/mhpaea_factsheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA)</a> requires insurance carriers to provide the same benefits for substance use treatment as they do for healthcare.3

Additionally, the <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/understanding-affordable-care-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Affordable Care Act (ACA)</a> stipulates that all insurance coverage (except <a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/grandfathered-health-plan/#:~:text=An%20individual%20health%20insurance%20policy,under%20the%20Affordable%20Care%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener">grandfathered plans</a>) must offer services for substance use disorder and mental health. What’s more, plans purchased through the HealthCare.gov Marketplace are prohibited from capping the amount of substance use and/or mental health treatment they cover.4
<h2>Types of Addiction Treatment in Tennessee</h2>
Substance use treatment needs vary by individual and determine the necessary level of care for treatment. As such, Tennessee <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drug and alcohol rehabs</a> span multiple levels of care, as outlined by the <a href="https://www.asam.org/asam-criteria/about-the-asam-criteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM).</a>

<a href="/rehab-guide/levels-of-care" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Levels of care</a> range from outpatient services, where patients live at home and attend scheduled treatment at facilities, to inpatient care, where participants live in a treatment facility with 24/7 care.5 Healthcare providers and addiction professionals ultimately recommend the level of care that’s appropriate for each individual. However, it’s important that patients and loved ones have a basic understanding of these care levels.

ASAM Levels of Care are as follows:5
<ul>
 	<li>.5 Prevention/Early Intervention.</li>
 	<li>1 Outpatient Services.</li>
 	<li>2 Intensive Outpatient Services / Partial Hospitalization Services.
<ul>
 	<li>1 Intensive Outpatient Services.</li>
 	<li>5 Partial Hospitalization Services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
 	<li>3 Residential/Inpatient Services.
<ul>
 	<li>1 Clinically Managed Low-Intensity Residential Services.</li>
 	<li>3 Clinically Managed Population-Specific High-Intensity Residential Services.</li>
 	<li>5 Clinically Managed High-Intensity Residential Services.</li>
 	<li>7 Medically Monitored High-Intensity Inpatient Services</li>
</ul>
</li>
 	<li>4 Medically Managed Intensive Inpatient Services.</li>
</ul>
Keep in mind, patients can transition between different levels and can be referred to higher or lower levels of care as needed.

Also note that some facilities concentrate on—or offer unique services for—particular populations, such as:2
<ul>
 	<li>Women.</li>
 	<li>Veterans.</li>
 	<li>Active-duty military.</li>
 	<li>Pregnant women.</li>
 	<li>Members of the LGBTQ population.</li>
 	<li>Victims of sexual abuse, domestic violence, and/or trauma.</li>
 	<li>Adolescents.</li>
 	<li>Senior citizens.</li>
</ul>
<h2>How to Pay for Rehabs in Tennessee</h2>
Using private or employer health insurance to pay for treatment is certainly an option. However, if you don’t have this type of insurance, don’t assume treatment is beyond your reach.

Whether you live in Tennessee or any other state, government-funded insurance such as Medicare and Medicaid may help pay for treatment. While it varies by type of plan, substance use treatment through TennCare, Tennessee’s version of Medicaid, is also available.6

Additionally, the U.S. Department of Veteran’s Affairs offers TRICARE that may also cover rehab. To search for a VA substance use disorder program, visit the <a href="https://www.va.gov/directory/guide/sud.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">VA directory</a>. Or learn more about <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/veterans/salute-to-recovery-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Veteran-specific treatment options available through American Addiction Centers</a>.

In addition to government-funded sources, a variety of alternative payment means exist. While they vary by facility, payment options include:
<ul>
 	<li>Private payment/self-pay. If you have the means—either from available assets or loans—privately paying for treatment may be an option.</li>
 	<li>Payment plans.</li>
 	<li>Sliding fee scales.</li>
</ul>
Assistance via the Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant may be another avenue worth exploring.7 The program lists <a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/mentalhealth/documents/SAPT__directory_FY23.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nearly 75 block grant providers</a> divided into 7 regions in Tennessee.8 (Contact the <a href="https://www.tn.gov/behavioral-health/substance-abuse-services/treatment---recovery/treatment---recovery/substance-abuse-prevention-and-treatment-block-grant-.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services</a> for more information.)

[callout]
<h3>Insurance and Alternative Payment Options</h3>
In addition to accepting insurance and self-payment, Tennessee rehab centers may also take alternative payment options. Here’s a quick snapshot based on filtered search results from FindTreatment.gov:2
<ul>
 	<li>109 facilities accept Medicare.</li>
 	<li>186 facilities take Medicaid.</li>
 	<li>115 rehabs accept TRICARE.</li>
 	<li>131 centers take a state-financed health insurance plan other than Medicaid.</li>
 	<li>107 rehabs accept SAMHSA funding/block grants.[/callout]</li>
</ul>
Unique payment options are also available for two populations living within Tennessee.
<ul>
 	<li>Native Americans. <a href="https://www.ihs.gov/asap/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Health Services (IHS)</a> offers substance use treatment services for Native Americans living in Tennessee via its Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program (ASAP).9</li>
 	<li>Criminal Justice System Participants. Residents involved with the criminal justice system typically have access to an array of special programs—including funding—to help with substance use recovery. These <a href="https://www.tn.gov/behavioral-health/substance-abuse-services/criminal-justice-services/funding-for-treatment.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">funding programs</a>, which are available through the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, are geared toward those without other means to obtain treatment.10</li>
</ul>
If you can’t find a Tennessee-based option to fit your needs, consider out-of-state treatment programs. American Addiction Centers has <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">facilities scattered throughout the U.S.</a>, and our admissions navigators (available at [phone]) can help direct you to a facility that closely matches your needs.
<h2>What Addictions Are Treated at Rehabs in Tennessee?</h2>
Whether the addiction issues involve drugs, alcohol, or both, treatment is available in Tennessee. While Tennessee treatment centers provide the gamut of services, from outpatient services (i.e., Level 1 care) to medically managed intensive inpatient services (i.e., Level 4), some specialize in a particular type of treatment. For example, 23 facilities in the state offer opioid treatment programs, and 37 treatment centers do not treat alcohol use disorders.2

However, a significant percentage of drug rehab centers treat a variety of substance use disorders. For example, AAC’s <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers/oxford" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oxford Treatment Center in Etta, MS</a>, offers treatment related to the following substances and many more:[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcohol</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fentanyl</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/hallucinogens" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hallucinogens</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/heroin-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Heroin</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marijuana</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methamphetamine</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/opiates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Opioids</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/prescription-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription drugs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/stimulant-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stimulants</a>.[/columns]</li>
</ul>
Additionally, 172 Tennessee rehab providers treat both substance use disorders and co-occurring mental disorders, e.g., anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.2,11 For those with substance use and mental health issues, combining both types of treatment is generally more effective than treating them separately.11
<h2>How to Find Addiction Treatment in Tennessee</h2>
Managed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, <a href="https://findtreatment.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FindTreatment.gov</a> allows you to search for treatment via a host of filters including location, facility type, treatment approaches, and more.

However, AAC admissions navigators can also discuss your options. While our <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers/oxford" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oxford Treatment Center</a> is a logical choice given that it’s less than 90 minutes from downtown Memphis, our caring and compassionate staff will help identify a treatment option that best meets your needs, finances, location, and more. If you’re ready to take the first step toward recovery, reach out to us today at [phone] or check out our treatment centers below.
[button url="/treatment-centers" text="View Our Treatment Centers"]
[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>The University of Tennessee: Haslam College of Business. (n.d.). <a href="https://haslam.utk.edu/boyd-center/maps/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Metro &amp; micropolitan maps</a>.</li>
 	<li>FindTreatment.gov. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). <a href="https://findtreatment.gov/locator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Search for treatment</a>. Accessed March 22, 2023.</li>
 	<li>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CMS. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Other-Insurance-Protections/mhpaea_factsheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA)</a>.</li>
 	<li>Healthcare.gov. <a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/coverage/mental-health-substance-abuse-coverage/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Benefits and Coverage: Mental Health and Substance Abuse Coverage</a>.</li>
 	<li>American Society of Addiction Medicine. (n.d.) <a href="https://www.asam.org/asam-criteria/about-the-asam-criteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener">About the ASAM criteria</a>.</li>
 	<li>Tennessee State Government. (n.d.) <a href="https://www.tn.gov/tenncare/members-applicants/eligibility/tenncare-medicaid.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TennCare Medicaid</a>.</li>
 	<li>Tennessee State Government. (n.d.) <a href="https://www.tn.gov/behavioral-health/substance-abuse-services/treatment---recovery/treatment---recovery/substance-abuse-prevention-and-treatment-block-grant-.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance abuse prevention &amp; treatment block grant</a>.</li>
 	<li>Tennessee State Government. (2022, July 21). <a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/mentalhealth/documents/SAPT__directory_FY23.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAPT block grant treatment providers and services</a><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/mentalhealth/documents/SAPT__directory_FY23.pdf">. </a></li>
 	<li>Indian Health Service (IHS). (n.d.) <a href="https://www.ihs.gov/asap/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcohol and substance abuse program</a>.</li>
 	<li>Tennessee State Government. (n.d.) <a href="https://www.tn.gov/behavioral-health/substance-abuse-services/criminal-justice-services/funding-for-treatment.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Funding for treatment.</a></li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.) <a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental Disorders</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

[link-bank title="You Might Also Be Interested In"]
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/medicare">Medicare for Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/free">Free Rehab Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/rehab-faqs">FAQs About Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/how-to-pay-for-rehab-without-insurance">Paying for Rehab Without Insurance</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox">Drug Detox Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">Inpatient Rehab Treatment </a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/alcohol-drug-hotline">Addiction Helplines</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers">Drug &amp; Alcohol Rehabs </a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcohol-rehab/residential">Residential Rehab Treatment </a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]

 

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Alcohol and Drug Rehabs in Tennessee

[content-overview]

Xanax (a brand name for alprazolam) is a benzodiazepine and central nervous system (CNS) depressant that may be prescribed for the treatment of generalized anxiety and panic disorders.1 

[/content-overview]

While alprazolam (al-PRA-zuh-lam) can be helpful when used as directed, it can also be misused, which further increases the likelihood of a host of adverse effects, including addiction, overdose, and on rare occasions death.1 In fact, according to the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 4.7 million people aged 12 or older misused prescription benzodiazepines, and 3.4 million of those people misused alprazolam in the past year.2

If you or someone you know uses Xanax, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the short- and long-term effects of alprazolam, the dangers of overdose and drug mixing, and various treatment options.
<h2>What is Xanax?</h2>
In the U.S., <a href="/xanax-treatment">Xanax</a> is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic (i.e., a medication that affects a person’s mental state). Aside from its FDA-approved treatment uses, alprazolam is misused recreationally, as it can decrease inhibitions, reduce anxiety, and create feelings of euphoria.3

Misuse of benzodiazepines typically involves a larger than recommended dose and the use of other medications, illicit substances, and/or alcohol.1 For example, Xanax is sometimes used in combination with <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/methadone-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methadone</a> to increase the latter’s euphoric effects. (Similarly, benzodiazepines may be used to relieve adverse effects of cocaine binges and to augment the effects of alcohol.4
<h2>Xanax Effects</h2>
When taken orally, Xanax is rapidly absorbed. Thus, effects can be experienced within 30 minutes and can last up to roughly 6 hours.3 The most common adverse effects of alprazolam include impaired coordination, low blood pressure, difficulty speaking, and increased libido.5

Additional adverse effects of Xanax include:1,3
<ul>
 	<li>Decreased mental alertness.</li>
 	<li>Confusion.</li>
 	<li>Trouble concentrating.</li>
 	<li>Memory impairment.</li>
 	<li>Drowsiness, fatigue.</li>
 	<li>Light-headedness.</li>
 	<li>Dizziness.</li>
 	<li>Muscle weakness.</li>
 	<li>Poor balance/coordination.</li>
 	<li>Slurred speech.</li>
 	<li>Blurred vision.</li>
 	<li>Nausea, vomiting, upset stomach.</li>
 	<li>Worsening depression.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Long-Term Effects of Xanax Use</h2>
Those who regularly take Xanax, even when under a healthcare provider’s supervision, run the risk of developing physical dependence.1 Along these same lines, alprazolam use can lead to tolerance, meaning a higher dose is needed to produce the same effect.5

[callout-borders borders="sides"] Many of those addicted to a prescription CNS depressant such as alprazolam are at risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms when the drug is abruptly stopped, which can occur as early as a few hours after the last dose was taken.6 [/callout-borders]

Xanax withdrawal symptoms can include:6
<ul>
 	<li>Increased heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and sweating.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Insomnia.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li>Severe cravings.</li>
 	<li>Overactive reflexes.</li>
 	<li>Agitation.</li>
 	<li>Shakiness.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
</ul>
Rapid dose reduction or abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam can lead to unpleasant acute withdrawal symptoms and, more rarely, potentially life-threatening withdrawal complications such as seizures.3

Severe acute Xanax withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening and can include:5
<ul>
 	<li>Mania.</li>
 	<li>Psychosis.</li>
 	<li>Catatonia.</li>
 	<li>Depression with suicidal ideation.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/delirium-tremens-symptoms-and-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Delirium tremens</a>.</li>
 	<li>Seizures and convulsions.</li>
</ul>
[callout]
<h3>What Does Xanax Do to the Brain?</h3>
Xanax and other benzodiazepines increase the activity of a neurotransmitter in the brain, known as gamma-aminobutyric acid (aka GABA), at the GABA receptor. With its inhibitory properties, GABA can depress the central nervous system (CNS).4 In effect, this action causes drowsiness and calming effects, making CNS depressants useful for anxiety and sleep disorders.6

Furthermore, similar to most addictive drugs, alprazolam use is associated with increased dopamine activity in areas of the brain involved with motivation and reward, which is thought to underlie the reinforcing properties of the drug.7

[/callout]
<h2>Xanax Overdose</h2>
When used as directed, alprazolam is generally considered safe. However, misuse increases the risk of adverse effects, including overdose. Though many cases of overdose toxicity involve the concurrent use of other substances, benzodiazepine overdose is a risk with high dose misuse.8

Overdose symptoms for benzodiazepines include:8
<ul>
 	<li>Altered mental status.</li>
 	<li>Slurred speech.</li>
 	<li>Poor muscle control (i.e., ataxia).</li>
</ul>
Mixing benzos with certain other drugs or medications can increase the risk for more significant respiratory depression, which can lead to dangerously slowed breathing, respiratory arrest, and death. Many benzo-related overdoses involve other substances, including opioids, alcohol, or other sedative drugs.8

Signs of overdose related to mixing benzodiazepines with opioids, alcohol, or other depressants include:9
<ul>
 	<li>Slow breathing.</li>
 	<li>Weak pulse.</li>
 	<li>Altered mental status/confusion.</li>
 	<li>Passing out.</li>
</ul>
Counterfeit pills typically look like prescription medications such as Xanax, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/valium-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Valium</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adderall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall</a>, etc. According to the <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-12/DEA-OPCK_FactSheet_December%202021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration</a>, these fake pills often contain <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methamphetamine</a> or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fentanyl</a>, which can be deadly. In fact, testing showed that 2 out of every 5 counterfeit pills with fentanyl contain a potentially lethal dose.10

[callout position="right"]

If you think someone is having an overdose from Xanax or any other drug:11
<ul>
 	<li>Call 911 immediately.</li>
 	<li>Administer <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-medications/naloxone" target="_blank" rel="noopener">naloxone</a> if available. (Naloxone will reverse the effects of opioids and won’t harm those who haven’t taken opioids.)</li>
 	<li>Try to keep the person awake.</li>
 	<li>Turn the person on their side to prevent choking.</li>
 	<li>Stay with the person until help arrives.</li>
</ul>
[/callout]
<h2>What Can Happen When You Mix Xanax with Other Drugs?</h2>
Mixing Xanax with other drugs, especially alcohol or opioids, significantly increases the risk of overdose and may cause respiratory depression, a type of suppressed breathing that can lead to coma and death.9

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), data gathered from January to June 2020 indicates that more than 92% of all fatal benzodiazepine overdoses involved an opioid (e.g., <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/oxycodone/signs-of-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OxyContin</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/codeine-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">codeine</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fentanyl</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/percocet-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Percocet</a>, etc.).12

Combining benzodiazepines such as alprazolam with other respiratory depressant substances (e.g., other benzos and/or opioids such as morphine, heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl, etc.), can indirectly or directly increase the risk of:9
<ul>
 	<li>Overdose toxicity.</li>
 	<li>Damage to the brain or other organs (as a result of respiratory arrest).</li>
 	<li>Death.</li>
</ul>
Additionally, mixing alprazolam with stimulants (e.g., <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/ecstasy-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ecstasy</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/signs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cocaine</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methamphetamines</a>, etc.) can mask or modify the effects of one or both substances. This may deceive you into believing the drugs aren’t affecting you, potentially leading to overdose.9

Also keep in mind that the dangers of drug mixing apply to prescription drugs. So always inform your healthcare provider of the prescriptions you’re taking and substances you’re using, and never take medications prescribed for someone else.9
<h2>Xanax Addiction and Treatment</h2>
Withdrawal from any type of benzodiazepine is potentially dangerous, and serious complications, such as seizures and delirium, can occur without warning. As such, management of benzodiazepine withdrawal without medical supervision is not recommended.13

Plus, to minimize the risk of severe withdrawal symptoms, the <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)</a> indicates that medical withdrawal management may involve first substituting another relatively long-acting benzo (e.g., chlordiazepoxide or clonazepam) before gradually reducing its dosage.13

When necessary, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox">detox</a> is an early treatment component comprising interventions that manage acute intoxication and withdrawal. Available via inpatient and outpatient settings, detox can not only help prevent potentially life-threatening complications of benzodiazepine withdrawal but also provide palliative care to reduce symptom intensity.13

Due to the risk of experiencing dangerous, sometimes potentially fatal withdrawal symptoms, medically equipped inpatient detox or hospitalization may be helpful for people who have chronically used high doses of benzodiazepines and other sedatives. For those with less severe use of benzodiazepines, who are not dependent on other substances, and who have supportive friends or family to help them through the process, outpatient detox can be an option.13

Detox alone, however, may not fully address the underlying issues associated with chronic substance misuse or addiction. Thus, following detox, people may benefit from transitioning to inpatient rehab or outpatient treatment to focus on these underlying issues.6

To be most effective, treatment plans should be tailored to your individual needs. However, most programs offer interventions that can include:14,15
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">Inpatient treatment</a>. Provided within a hospital or residential setting, inpatient rehab comprises 24/7 care. Depending on your treatment needs, this care can be offered short term or long term for up to 12 months or more.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">Outpatient treatment</a>. Varying widely in intensity and based on your needs, outpatient programs allow you to live at home or in a sober living environment during treatment. Some involve multiple hours of treatment each day, most days of the week; others may require a couple of hours a day a few days each week.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment">Behavioral therapy</a>. Behavioral therapies, such as motivational interviewing or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy">cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)</a>, occur in individual or group settings. These interventions address the underlying issues of substance misuse, teach you coping skills to help prevent relapse, and provide psychoeducation about addiction and substance use.</li>
 	<li>Also known as continuing care, aftercare starts after formal treatment ends and aids in long-term recovery. Programs may include participation in a 12-step or other mutual-help group, ongoing counseling, or assistance in securing sober living.</li>
</ul>
Offering the ability to treat alprazolam addiction, polysubstance addiction, and other co-occurring mental health disorders, American Addiction Centers (AAC) include accredited treatment facilities across the United States. To learn more about treatment options, contact our Admissions Navigators.
[button url="/treatment-centers" text="View Our Treatment Centers"]
[phone]Call Us Today![/phone]
[sources]

Sources
<ol>
 	<li>United States Food and Drug Administration. (2021). <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/018276s058lbl.pdf#page=27" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Xanax (alprazolam) tablets.</a></li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2019 and Quarters 1 and 4, 2020. <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35323/NSDUHDetailedTabs2020v25/NSDUHDetailedTabs2020v25/NSDUHDetTabsSect1pe2020.htm#:~:text=210616-,Table%201.113A,-%E2%80%93%20Any%20Use%20and" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Table 1.113A</a></li>
 	<li>George, T. T., &amp; Tripp, J. (2021).<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538165/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Alprazolam</a>. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.</li>
 	<li>United States Drug Enforcement Administration. (2019).</li>
 	<li><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=388e249d-b9b6-44c3-9f8f-880eced0239f" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DailyMed - Xanax- Alprazolam Tablet</a>. (2021 September 29). U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health.</li>
 	<li>NIDA CNS – National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, March). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-cns-depressants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription CNS depressants drugfacts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Ait-Daoud, N., Hamby, A. S., Sharma, S., &amp; Blevins, D. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846112/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A review of alprazolam use, misuse, and withdrawal</a>. Journal of addiction medicine, 12(1), 4.</li>
 	<li>Kang, M., Galuska, M. A., &amp; Ghassemzadeh, S. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482238/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepine toxicity</a>.</li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, February 23). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/polysubstance-use/index.html">Polysubstance use facts.</a></li>
 	<li>S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2021, December). <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-12/DEA-OPCK_FactSheet_December%202021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Counterfeit Pills Fact Sheet.</a></li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, September 7). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/naloxone/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lifesaving naloxone</a>.</li>
 	<li>Liu, S., O’Donnell, J., Gladden, R.M., McGlone, L., Chowdhury, F. (2021). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7034a2.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trends in nonfatal and fatal overdoses involving benzodiazepines — 38 states and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020.</a> MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70, 1136–1141.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol</a> (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2006.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019, October). <a href="https://findtreatment.gov/content/treatment-options/types-of-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment options: Types of treatment</a>.</li>
 	<li>Soyka, M. (2017). <a href="https://baycrest.echoontario.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Treatment-of-Benzodiazepine-Dependence.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence</a>. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(12), 1147-1157.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

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Xanax Abuse: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Xanax

Mixing Opioids and Alcohol

Linda Armstrong is a Senior Web Content Editor at American Addiction Centers (AAC). With more than 20 years of editing experience, she’s worked in both print and digital mediums and earned multiple international writing awards. Her work encompasses topics ranging from exhibit marketing and allergy education to website design and autoimmune diseases.

Linda Armstrong | American Addiction Centers

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Linda Armstrong

Jeanne Gannon | American Addiction Centers

[content-overview]

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines</a>, often referred to as benzos, are central nervous system (CNS) depressants primarily prescribed for the treatment of specific anxiety disorders such as, panic disorder as well as sleep disorders. Additionally, healthcare professionals use benzodiazepines to treat seizure disorders, alcohol withdrawal, involuntary muscle disorders, and presurgical sedation.1,2[/content-overview]

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed in the United States.2 In fact, Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam)—all benzodiazepines—are among the top 100 most commonly prescribed medications.2

While considered to be effective, benzodiazepines carry some notable side effects, including the development of tolerance and dependence, which can occur even when benzodiazepines are taken at therapeutic doses.3

Keep reading to understand how benzodiazepines work, the short- and long-term effects of use, and how to get help if you or a loved one struggle with benzodiazepine misuse and addiction.
<h2>How Do Benzodiazepines Work?</h2>
Benzodiazepines exert calming effects by manipulating the body’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA.4 Benzodiazepines facilitate the binding of GABA at receptors throughout the brain and spinal cord, causing an overly excited central nervous system to calm down; promoting feelings of relaxation.4

With repeated use, over time, this neuroadaptive process can build tolerance, which can take two forms: An individual requires more benzodiazepines to achieve the same desired effect or there is a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of benzos.1,5 Tolerance can be a contributing factor to developing a physiological dependence to benzodiazepines.1 

Dependence on a drug occurs when a person’s body physically adapts to the drug to the extent that it is needed to function normally. In the absence of the drug, withdrawal symptoms appear.1,3,6 With significant levels of physiological dependence, a person may continue to compulsively use benzodiazepines to avoid the unwanted withdrawal symptoms, which in the case of benzos, can be uncomfortable but also potentially dangerous and life-threatening.1,3

Seizures are of particular concern with benzodiazepine withdrawal.1 

<img src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/bigstock-Pills-In-Pill-Bottle-On-White-91011863-250x167.jpg" alt="Pills In Pill Bottle On White Background" width="250" height="167" align="right" />
<h3>Benzodiazepine Misuse</h3>
The Drug Enforcement Administration classifies benzodiazepines as Schedule IV substances, which means there is a lower potential for misuse than drugs in Schedules I-III.7 However, in 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) included a boxed warning—its most prominent warning—on all benzodiazepines, cautioning prescribers and patients about the potential for misuse and addiction, even when benzodiazepines are taken at the recommended therapeutic dose.8 And in 2020, 4.8 million people aged 12 and older misused benzodiazepines in the past year.9

Misuse of benzodiazepines includes: 4,10
<ul>
 	<li>Taking more of the benzodiazepine than was prescribed.</li>
 	<li>Buying benzodiazepines illicitly after a prescription runs out.</li>
 	<li>Taking them in a manner other than was prescribed, such as crushing the pills and snorting them through the nose.</li>
 	<li>Taking them with other medications, illicit drugs, or alcohol. For instance, individuals may combine benzodiazepines and opioids to enhance the euphoric effects of each. On the other hand, benzos may be used to self-manage the feelings of irritability and agitation or alleviate sleeplessness induced by cocaine or other stimulant drugs.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Benzodiazepine Side Effects</h2>
Benzodiazepines are generally safe when taken as prescribed for short periods of time—no more than a few weeks.1,3 While all benzos affect the brain similarly (as mentioned above), the side effects may differ, impacted by the type of benzo taken, the dose, and the duration of use.1,3

[callout]

The most common effects of benzodiazepine use include drowsiness, fatigue, and lethargy.11 At higher doses, benzodiazepines can cause other effects, including:11,12
<ul>
 	<li>Slurred speech.</li>
 	<li>Confusion.</li>
 	<li>Dizziness and disorientation.</li>
 	<li>Decreased motor coordination.</li>
 	<li>Problems with memory.</li>
 	<li>Poor concentration.</li>
 	<li>Decreased blood pressure.</li>
 	<li>Slowed breathing.</li>
</ul>
[/callout]

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/mixing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Combining benzodiazepines with other substances</a>, including other CNS depressants, such as opioids and alcohol can further slow heart rate and breathing.13
<h2>Effects of Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use</h2>
Benzodiazepines produce almost immediate effects; therefore, they are typically prescribed for short-term or “as-needed” use.3 Individuals who take benzodiazepines may develop tolerance, though the rate depends on the type of benzo taken and duration of use. With long-term, high-dose use, benzodiazepines also become less effective.3

[callout]

Other side effects of long-term benzodiazepine use may include:3,14,15
<ul>
 	<li>Tolerance.</li>
 	<li>Dependence.</li>
 	<li>Addiction.</li>
 	<li>Cognitive impairment.</li>
 	<li>Cognitive decline.</li>
 	<li>Dementia, especially in older adults.</li>
</ul>
[/callout]

Additionally, there is an increased risk of <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/overdose" target="_blank" rel="noopener">overdose</a> if individuals use benzodiazepines with other sedative drugs, such as opioids and alcohol.14
<h2>Benzodiazepine Overdose</h2>
Deaths resulting from a benzodiazepine overdose alone are rare. Severe overdose and/or fatal overdose is more likely to occur with the concomitant use of benzodiazepines and other substances, particularly, other CNS depressants like alcohol and opioids.16

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which published a data set on benzodiazepine-involved overdose rates in 38 states and the District of Columbia, of the 41,496 overdose deaths reported by 23 states from January to June 2022, 16.8% involved benzodiazepines, while 91% involved both benzodiazepines and opioids.16
<h2>Benzodiazepine Dependence and Withdrawal</h2>
As previously mentioned, dependence can occur even when benzodiazepines are taken as prescribed. Thus, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/how-to-stop" target="_blank" rel="noopener">abruptly stopping or trying to cut back</a> use after developing a physiological dependence to the drug can result in unpleasant, potentially dangerous, and even life-threatening <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/symptoms-and-signs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">withdrawal symptoms</a>, which may include:1,3,17
<ul>
 	<li>Anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Agitation.</li>
 	<li>Increased heart rate.</li>
 	<li>Elevated blood pressure.</li>
 	<li>Hand tremors.</li>
 	<li>Insomnia.</li>
 	<li>Nausea or vomiting.</li>
 	<li>Fleeting visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations or illusions.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
</ul>
Several factors impact the severity and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/benzodiazepine/length-of-withdrawal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">duration of withdrawal symptoms</a>.4,18 For a small portion of individuals, who use benzodiazepines long term, prolonged withdrawal—which can last for weeks, months, even up to a year—can occur after they discontinue use.18
<h2>Benzodiazepine Addiction Treatment</h2>
If you or a loved one struggles with benzodiazepine misuse or addiction, help is available. Treatment can aid you in stopping the use of benzodiazepines—and other substances—and allow you to regain control of your life.

Stopping the use of benzodiazepines abruptly (or on your own) is not recommended. If you’re ready to stop, talk to your healthcare provider. You may benefit from <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox">medical detox</a> since withdrawal from benzodiazepines can be uncomfortable and, in some cases, life-threatening.17,20 Medically managed detoxification allows your body to rid itself of the substances safely and as comfortably as possible. However, detox alone is typically not sufficient to help someone maintain lasting recovery; it’s usually the first step in a more comprehensive treatment plan.21

The subsequent treatment depends on your individual needs but may include a combination of individual and group counseling, behavioral therapies, psychoeducation, medication,<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders"> co-occurring disorder treatment</a>, polysubstance addiction treatment, continuing care, and more. It may take place in either an <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">inpatient</a> or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">outpatient</a> setting.20 

To understand your treatment options, you can contact your primary care physician or mental healthcare provider. You can also call American Addiction Centers [phone]

AAC is a leading provider in evidence-based treatment. Talk to one of our compassionate Admissions Navigators who can answer your questions, verify your insurance, and explain your treatment options.

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[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>Edinoff, A.N., Nix, C.A., Hollier, J., Sagrera, C.E., Delacroix, B.M., Abubakar, T., ..., &amp; Kaye, A.D. (2021, November 10). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629021/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines: Uses, dangers, and clinical considerations</a>. Neurol Int. 13(4):594-607.</li>
 	<li>Mehdi, T. (2012, March). <a href="https://www.bjmp.org/files/2012-5-1/bjmp-2012-5-1-a501.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines revisited</a>. British Journal of Medical Practitioners5(1), 501-509.</li>
 	<li>Longo, L.P. &amp; Johnson, B. (2000). <a href="https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0401/p2121.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines - Side effects, abuse risk and alternatives</a>. American Fam Physician 61(7), 2121-2128</li>
 	<li>Drug Enforcement Administration. (2019, December). <a href="https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/benzo.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepines</a>.</li>
 	<li>Schmitz, A. (2016, May). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6007645/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepine use, misuse and abuse: A review.</a> The Mental Health Clinician 6(3), 120-126.</li>
 	<li>Preuss, C.V., Kalava, A., &amp; King, K.C. (2022, September 21). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537318/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription of controlled substances: benefits and risks</a>. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing.</li>
 	<li>Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drug Scheduling</a>.</li>
 	<li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, September 23). <a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/142368/download" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FDA requiring Boxed Warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class: Includes potential for abuse, addiction, and other serious risks</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021, October). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a>. </li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2022, May 10). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/misuse-prescription-drugs/overview#:~:text=Misuse%20of%20prescription%20drugs%20means,i.e.%2C%20to%20get%20high)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Misuse of prescription drugs research report: overview</a>.</li>
 	<li>Griffin C.E., Kaye, A.M., Bueno F.R., &amp; Kaye, A.D. (2013). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects</a>. Ochsner J.13(2), 214-223.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, August). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/2918/commonly-used-drugs-charts.pdf?v=297a7d6c889a22228d2e4ab83541d494" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Commonly used drugs charts</a>.</li>
 	<li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017, September 20). <a href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-warns-about-serious-risks-and-death-when-combining-opioid-pain-or#:~:text=Concomitant%20use%20of%20opioid%20pain,coma%2C%20and%2For%20death." target="_blank" rel="noopener">FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain and or cough medicines with benzodiazepines; requires its strongest warning</a>. </li>
 	<li>Johnson, B. &amp; Streltzer, J. (2013, August 15). <a href="https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0815/p224.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Risks associated with long-term benzodiazepine use</a>. American Fam Physician 88(4), 224-225.</li>
 	<li>He, Q., Chen, X., Wu, T., Li, Liyuan, Fei, X. (2019). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6325366/#__ffn_sectitle" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Risk of Dementia in Long-Term Benzodiazepine Users: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies</a>. J Clin Neurol, 15(1): 9-19.</li>
 	<li>Liu, S., O’Donnell, J., Gladden, R.M., McGlone, L., &amp; Chowdhury, F. (2021, August 27). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7034a2.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trends in nonfatal and fatal overdoses involving benzodiazepines — 38 states and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020</a>. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report70(34), 1136–1141.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, March). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/22002/prescription-cns-depressants-drugfacts.pdf?v=5a1c8a6d418d387bcfc3ec055a9c3291" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription CNS depressants DrugFacts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Brett, J. &amp; Murnion, B. (2015, October). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4657308/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Management of benzodiazepine misuse and dependence</a>. Australian Prescriber38,(5), 152-155.</li>
 	<li>Liebrenz, M., Gehring, MT., Buadze, A. et al.(2015). <a href="https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-015-0493-y" target="_blank" rel="noopener">High-dose benzodiazepine dependence: a qualitative study of patients’ perception on cessation and withdrawal</a>. BMC Psychiatry15, 116.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, June). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/37630/misuse-prescription-drugs-research-report.pdf?v=add4ee202a1d1f88f8e1fdd2bb83a5ef" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Misuse of prescription drugs research report</a>.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019, January). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/1136/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction-drugfacts.pdf?v=5fa0687e4e3a8d98d73b91e518979b9d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment approaches for drug addiction DrugFacts</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Side Effects of Benzodiazepine Use and Addiction

Jeanne Gannon received her Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology from Montclair State University in Montclair, NJ. As a master’s level clinician, she provided services for adults and adolescents with substance use and psychiatric disorders at Summit Oaks Hospital, in Summit NJ. Her belief in social emotional learning/education as a powerful means of prevention led [&hellip;]

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Jeanne Gannon

American Addiction Centers (AAC) contributors are writers, content editors, and medical editors. Their efforts are to keep AAC's content accurate to help those wanted to learn more about substance addiction and treatment.

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