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Manufacturers of Spice (mainly in Asia, but also in the US) make their phony products look like organic marijuana. These illicit manufacturers create different chemicals in a lab and then spray them on plant matter to make them look like marijuana. Spice makers abroad must get their products through US customs and into shops. To do so, they most often put the fake weed in foil packaging and label it as “incense” or “potpourri.” To avoid detection, they usually write “Not for Human Consumption” on the packaging. Spice is also sold as a liquid that can be smoked in an e-cigarette or vaporized.
The story of Spice is full of dangerous twists. It appears that Spice got its start when its makers created synthetic THC in laboratories. THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the psychoactive ingredient in organic marijuana. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain. The brain has cannabinoid receptors because it naturally makes cannabinoids, but releases them in a much lower dose compared to THC levels in marijuana. When THC binds with cannabinoid receptors, it affects the user’s coordination, memory, and perception of time. Synthetic THC acts like natural THC on the cannabinoid receptor site. Synthetic marijuana emerged most likely because one or more people with a background in chemistry got ahold of the synthetic THC recipe and started making it, with a profit intention.
John Huffman, a Harvard University educated chemist, is the father of the chemical formula for synthetic THC. At some point in the early 1990s, Huffman received funding to study cannabinoids. It was difficult to get approval to use real marijuana, since it is a federal controlled substance. As a workaround, Huffman created a compound he called JWH-018, a synthetic cannabinoid. It appears that the most Huffman and his team did with this compound was create an experiment, test it on laboratory mice, and write a report. However, the formula surfaced a few years later as an alternative to real marijuana.
The JWH-018 compound was being used to help people get a marijuana-like high without testing positive on a drug test for naturally occurring THC. More recently, synthetic marijuana emerged in the incense-like and liquid format, available at gas stations and convenience stores.
Spice Side Effects
Individuals who use synthetic marijuana have absolutely no way of knowing what chemicals are included in the formula. Unfortunately, it’s the same for US customs, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and law enforcement. The makers of the chemicals that go into Spice have been able to stay a step ahead of consumers and public health and safety agencies. For instance, by March 2011, authorities had information about five chemical compounds that were being used in Spice and made them illegal (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, cannabicyclohexanol, and CP-47,497). But there are various harmful and even deadly chemicals entering the market under the guise of being incense or potpourri.
There are stories about the side effects of Spice use throughout the nation. But let’s be clear: The street names Spice, fake weed, and synthetic marijuana are all misnomers because these drugs may not even contain synthetic THC. It would be more accurate to call them toxicants and poisons of unknown origin.
The following immediate physical side effects have been reported after synthetic marijuana use:
- Mild impairment of memory
- Changes in perception
- Tingling
- Tremors
- Rapid heartbeat
- Suicidal thoughts
- Calmness
- Relaxation
- Euphoria
- Slurred speech
- Poor coordination (ataxia)
- Greater creativity
- A feeling of wellbeing
Psychological side effects include but are not limited to:
- Psychosis
- Hallucinations
- Anxiety
- Severe psychomotor agitation
- Delirium
- Paranoia
The Foundation for a Drug-Free World discusses the long-term effects of Spice abuse. The chemical ingredients of Spice are likely to be psychoactive, which in turn likely makes them addictive. An article published on The Fix discusses the signs of Spice addiction, which can include the following:
- Obsession with getting and using Spice
- Uncharacteristic behavior, such as sleeping a lot (due to sedative effects) and being groggy much of the time
- Focusing on using Spice to the exclusion of other activities
- Combining Spice with other drugs, with the goal of experiencing a more intense high
It can also be helpful to review the clinical criteria involved in diagnosing a substance use disorder. Mental health clinicians rely on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to diagnose all recognized substance use disorders. Per the DSM-5, there are a total of 11 diagnostic criteria. A person must have at least two of the 11 criteria for a period of 12 months to receive a diagnosis. The greater the number of criteria present, the greater the severity grading (e.g., mild, moderate, or severe). The 11 criteria cover the physical, psychological, and behavioral aspects of addiction.
Once addiction has set in and a person stops using synthetic marijuana, withdrawal symptoms will emerge. The following symptoms have been reported in association with Spice withdrawal:
- Tremors
- Nightmares
- Heavy sweating
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Insomnia
- Headaches
- Extreme fatigue
- Problems thinking clearly
- Neglecting responsibilities
- Loss of interest in activities
There are some known long-term medical complications, including kidney problems (known cases in Wyoming), paralysis, confusion, and forgetfulness. One potential complication for treatment providers is that Spice-related conditions have a unique and possibly heretofore unseen pathology. Spice abuse truly introduces new toxicants into the body, and the full extent of their harm is unknown. At best, doctors will be able to treat the side effects and, in some cases, reverse the damage done.
Overdose Risks
A group overdose story, which The New York Times covered in July 2016, drives home how consuming synthetic chemicals is nothing short of playing a game of Russian roulette. As the Times reported, 33 locals of Bushwick, Brooklyn, mostly homeless, were sent to the emergency room due to a K2 overdose. Locally, synthetic weed is mainly known as K2. Residents reported that they are used to seeing some of the local homeless high on drugs, especially K2, but that day some people were exhibiting symptoms that needed immediate medical attention.
Residents described the affected people as looking zombie-like, having respiratory problems, and being mentally out of it. Some affected people were paralyzed, staggering, or passed out. One man was even slumped over a fire hydrant. In 2015, New York banned the sale of these synthetic drugs. In May 2015, visits to New York emergency rooms for synthetic marijuana use was down by 85 percent, which is thought to be due to the ban. However, the July 2016 incident in Brooklyn shows that the ban is not 100 percent effective.
The following is a selection of other synthetic marijuana stories that illuminate the side effects of an overdose.
- The Los Angeles Times reported in April 2016 that some homeless people living on Skid Row who used Spice collapsed on the pavement. The incident led to 15 people being hospitalized. People in the area reported that they believe Spice is the cause of abnormal behavior that they’ve witnessed at times. One man was reportedly so high, he rolled into a street.
- In July 2014, 19-year-old Connor Reid Eckhardt slipped into a coma and eventually passed away as a direct result of smoking synthetic marijuana. Eckhardt suffered irreversible brain damage after one use.
- The Daily News reported that 17-year-old Emily Bauer suffered strokes and became psychotic after using synthetic marijuana. Later on, Bauer became paralyzed and suffered brain damage. Bauer survived and is now bound to a wheelchair. She has returned to school, though she cannot read or write. Her recovery is limited, but it has been miraculous. Her family began a nonprofit called Synthetic Awareness for Emily to educate parents and the public at large about the perils of using synthetic marijuana.
- An article published on Live Science reports that a 19-year-old woman in Spain experienced catatonic psychosis after regularly using Spice for one year. The woman began treatment in May 2012 and reportedly made a full recovery by June 2013.
When it comes to a Spice overdose, prevention is key. Anyone who is using synthetic marijuana should immediately get help to quit as the risk of an overdose is considerable.
Acute poisoning can strike at any time, depending on the chemical ingredients in the given batch. As the case examples reflect, sometimes dangerous side effects are immediate, and other times, they take longer to reach the point where medical intervention is necessary. The hope is that the more people understand that they are at risk, the less likely they will be to start using, or continue using, synthetic marijuana.